. 2021 Jul 3;21(13):4567. doi: 10.3390/s21134567

Table 5.

Optimization results of TOA and compared algorithms on fixed-dimensional test function.

		MPA	TSA	WOA	GWO	TLBO	GSA	PSO	GA	TOA
$F_{14}$	Ave	0.998	1.9923	0.998	3.7408	2.2721	3.5913	2.1735	0.9986	0.998
$F_{14}$	std	4.2735 × 10⁻¹⁶	2.6548 × 10⁻⁷	9.4336 × 10⁻¹⁶	6.4545 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.9860 × 10⁻¹⁶	7.9441 × 10⁻¹⁶	7.9441 × 10⁻¹⁶	1.5640 × 10⁻¹⁵	4.72 × 10⁻¹⁶
$F_{15}$	Ave	0.003	0.0004	0.0049	0.0063	0.0033	0.0024	0.0535	5.3952 × 10⁻²	0.0003
$F_{15}$	std	4.0951 × 10⁻¹⁵	9.0125 × 10⁻⁴	3.4910 × 10⁻¹⁸	1.1636 × 10⁻¹⁸	1.2218 × 10⁻¹⁷	2.9092 × 10⁻¹⁹	3.8789 × 10⁻¹⁹	7.0791 × 10⁻¹⁸	1.16 × 10⁻¹⁸
$F_{16}$	Ave	−1.0316	−1.0316	−1.0316	−1.0316	−1.0316	−1.0316	−1.0316	−1.0316	−1.0316
$F_{16}$	std	4.4652 × 10⁻¹⁶	2.6514 × 10⁻¹⁶	9.9301 × 10⁻¹⁶	3.9720 × 10⁻¹⁶	1.4398 × 10⁻¹⁵	5.9580 × 10⁻¹⁶	3.4755 × 10⁻¹⁶	7.9441 × 10⁻¹⁶	1.99 × 10⁻¹⁶
$F_{17}$	Ave	0.3979	0.3991	0.4047	0.3978	0.3978	0.3978	0.7854	0.4369	0.3978
$F_{17}$	std	9.1235 × 10⁻¹⁵	2.1596 × 10⁻¹⁶	2.4825 × 10⁻¹⁷	8.6888 × 10⁻¹⁷	7.4476 × 10⁻¹⁷	9.9301 × 10⁻¹⁷	4.9650 × 10⁻¹⁷	4.9650 × 10⁻¹⁷	9.93 × 10⁻¹⁷
$F_{18}$	Ave	3	3	3	3	3.0009	3	3	4.3592	3
$F_{18}$	std	1.9584 × 10⁻¹⁵	2.6528 × 10⁻¹⁵	5.6984 × 10⁻¹⁵	2.0853 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.5888 × 10⁻¹⁵	6.9511 × 10⁻¹⁶	3.6741 × 10⁻¹⁵	5.9580 × 10⁻¹⁶	0
$F_{19}$	Ave	−3.8627	−3.8066	−3.8627	−3.8621	−3.8609	−3.8627	−3.8627	−3.85434	−3.8628
$F_{19}$	std	4.2428 × 10⁻¹⁵	2.6357 × 10⁻¹⁵	3.1916 × 10⁻¹⁵	2.4825 × 10⁻¹⁵	7.3483 × 10⁻¹⁵	8.3413 × 10⁻¹⁵	8.9371 × 10⁻¹⁵	9.9301 × 10⁻¹⁷	2.68 × 10⁻¹⁶
$F_{20}$	Ave	−3.3211	−3.3206	−3.2424	−3.2523	−3.2014	−3.0396	−3.2619	−2.8239	−3.322
$F_{20}$	std	1.1421 × 10⁻¹¹	5.6918 × 10⁻¹⁵	7.9441 × 10⁻¹⁶	2.1846 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.7874 × 10⁻¹⁵	2.1846 × 10⁻¹⁴	2.9790 × 10⁻¹⁶	3.9720 × 10⁻¹⁶	1.69 × 10⁻¹⁵
$F_{21}$	Ave	−10.1532	−5.5021	−7.4016	−9.6452	−9.1746	−5.1486	−5.3891	−4.3040	−10.1532
$F_{21}$	std	2.5361 × 10⁻¹¹	5.4615 × 10⁻¹³	2.3819 × 10⁻¹¹	6.5538 × 10⁻¹⁵	8.5399 × 10⁻¹⁵	2.9790 × 10⁻¹⁶	1.4895 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.5888 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.39 × 10⁻¹⁵
$F_{22}$	Ave	−10.4029	−5.0625	−8.8165	−10.4025	−10.0389	−9.0239	−7.6323	−5.1174	−10.4029
$F_{22}$	std	2.8154 × 10⁻¹¹	8.4637 × 10⁻¹⁴	6.7524 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.9860 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.5292 × 10⁻¹⁴	1.6484 × 10⁻¹²	1.5888 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.2909 × 10⁻¹⁵	3.18 × 10⁻¹⁵
$F_{23}$	Ave	−10.5364	−10.3613	−10.0003	−10.1302	−9.2905	−8.9045	−6.1648	−6.5621	−10.5364
$F_{23}$	std	3.9861 × 10⁻¹¹	7.6492 × 10⁻¹²	9.1357 × 10⁻¹⁵	4.5678 × 10⁻¹⁵	1.1916 × 10⁻¹⁵	7.1497 × 10⁻¹⁴	2.7804 × 10⁻¹⁵	3.8727 × 10⁻¹⁵	7.94 × 10⁻¹⁶