Table 2.
Main characteristics of the included studies.
| No | Limb Being Rehabilitated | Purpose of BCI Application | Category of BCI Application | BCI Application | Type of Feedback to Uset | Type of Virtual Reality | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Upper limb | Motor intention | Virtual limb | Virtual upper limb | Visual | Fully Immersive Virtual reality | [29] |
| 2 | Upper limb | Motor intention | Video game | VR shooting game | Visual, Auditory | Fully Immersive Virtual reality | [30] |
| 3 | Lower limb | Assist with movement | Wheelchair | 2D virtual wheelchair | Visual, Auditory | Non-immersive virtual reality | [31] |
| 4 | Lower limb | Assist with movement | Wheelchair | Simulated or real wheelchair. | Visual | Non-immersive virtual reality | [32] |
| 5 | Lower limb | Motor intention | Virtual limb | Ball-kicking simulation | Visual, Haptic | Semi-immersive virtual reality | [33] |
| 6 | Upper and lower limb | Assist with movement | Video game | Virtual maze | Visual | Non-immersive virtual reality | [34] |
| 7 | Upper limb | Assist with movement | Virtual limb | 3D robotic hand | Visual | Semi-immersive virtual reality | [35] |
| 8 | Upper limb | Assist with movement | Virtual limb | Robot (virtual robot and mobile robot) | Visual, Auditory | Non-immersive virtual reality | [36] |
| 9 | Upper limb | Motor intention | Virtual limb | Upper virtual limb | Visual, Auditory, Haptic | Non-immersive virtual reality | [37] |
| 10 | Upper limb | Motor intention | Video game | Neurogame (Rowing game) | Visual, Auditory | Fully Immersive Virtual reality | [38] |
| 11 | Upper limb | Assist with movement | Virtual limb | Virtual hands through MI. | Visual, Auditory | Fully Immersive Virtual reality | [39] |
| 12 | Lower limb | Motor intention | Virtual limb | Avatar walking in a virtual environment | Visual | Non-immersive virtual reality | [40] |
| 13 | Upper limb | Motor intention | Orthosis | Electric-action hand orthosis | Visual | Non-immersive virtual reality | [41] |
| 14 | Lower limb | Motor intention | Electrical stimulation (FES) system | Dorsiflexion of the foot with a FES system | Visual, Haptic | Non-immersive virtual reality | [42] |
| 15 | Upper limb | Assist with movement | Video game | Nine training movements | Visual, Auditory, Haptic | Semi-immersive virtual reality | [43] |
| 16 | Upper limb | Assist with movement | Video game | Target shooting game | Visual | Fully Immersive Virtual reality | [44] |
| 17 | Lower limb | Motor intention | Virtual limb | Robotic monocycle | Visual | Non-immersive virtual reality | [45] |
| 18 | Upper limb | Motor intention | Soft Exoskeleton | A soft finger exoskeleton | Visual, Auditory | Non-immersive virtual reality | [46] |