| Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber mat |
Woven jute (Jw) |
Layering pattern of hybrid composite: EFB/Jw/EFB and Jw/EFB/Jw |
Epoxy |
Hand lay-up |
|
[147] |
| Banana fibers (B) |
Woven coconut sheath (C) |
Random composite orientation:
CBC, CCB, BCB, BBC, pure banana (BBB), and pure coconut sheath (CCC) |
Unsaturated polyester |
Compression molding |
-
-
There was not much difference in the mechanical properties between the pure coconut sheath and banana hybrid composites.
-
-
However, the flexural strength was higher for the coconut sheath hybrid composite.
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The mechanical properties were also found to vary with the layering pattern.
|
[148] |
| PALF |
Kenaf fiber (KF) |
Fiber loading: (PF:PALF:KF)
50:50:0, 50:35:15, 50:25:25, 50:15:35, 50:0:50 |
Phenol formaldehyde |
Hand lay-up |
-
-
The hybrid composite improved in term of tensile strength (46.96 MPa) and modulus (6.84 GPa), flexural strength (84.21 MPa) and modulus (5.81 GPa), and impact strength (5.39 kJ/m2) as compared with the PALF/PF and KF/PF composites.
-
-
The hybrid composite also showed the highest storage modulus and loss modulus.
|
[140,149] |
| Unidirectional long flax fiber (F) |
Woven sugar palm fiber (S) |
Fiber stacking sequences:
All F, All S, F/F/S/S/F/F and S/F/F/F/F/S |
Epoxy |
Hot press molding |
-
-
Tensile strength and flexural strength of the hybrid composites increased by nearly 3-folds and 2-folds, respectively.
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-
The results from dynamic mechanical analysis and short beam test revealed that the hybridization of F fiber into the S fiber-reinforced composites caused superior mechanical strength, dynamic mechanical properties, and interlaminar shear strength.
|
[150] |
Jute fiber (J)
Sisal fiber (S) |
Curaua
fibers (C) |
Fiber hybridization and treatment:
Untreated J, treated J, mixed J
Untreated J + C, Treated J + C, Mixed J + C
Untreated S + C, Treated S+C, Mixed S + C |
Epoxy |
Hand lay-up |
-
-
The tensile, flexural, and impact properties of hybrid composites are significantly improved by the addition of the untreated fibers to J fiber-based composites.
-
-
The alkaline treatment had a positive impact on the mechanical properties of the composite, while for the J + C hybrid composites, the alkaline treatment had a negative effect on the tensile and impact properties. The mixed (alkalization + silanization) treatment had a positive effect on the J + C flexural properties, while it decreased the flexural properties for the J + S composite.
|
[151] |
| Aloe vera mat (AVM) and flax mat (FM) |
Sisal fiber (SF) |
Fiber arrangement:
AVM-FM-SF-FM-AVM (S1) and
FM-AVM-SF-AVM-FM (S2) |
Epoxy |
Hand lay-up |
-
-
The S2 hybrid composites exhibit improved tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness properties.
-
-
It is also proven that the hybrid composite formed with FM positioned at the peripheral layers (S2) possesses higher strength in terms of tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness than the hybrid composite formed with AVM at the peripheral layers (S1).
-
-
This work also highlights that the flexural and impact property of fiber mats-reinforced in epoxy are moderately superior than that of the neat epoxy material.
|
[152] |
| Roselle fiber (RF) |
Sugar palm fibers (SPF) |
Fiber ratios:
100RF, 70RF:30SPF, 50RF:50SPF, 30RF:70SPF and 100SPF. |
PU |
Melt mixing and hot compression |
-
-
The RF/SPF hybrid composites increased its impact strength corresponding to the increases in the SPF content of the composites.
-
-
However, the tensile and flexural properties decreased due to poor interfacial bonding between the fiber and matrix.
|
[144] |
| Coir fiber (CF) |
PALF |
Fiber loading of PLA:CF: PALF (wt %): 100:0:0, 70:30:0, 70:0:30,
70:15:15, 70:9:21, 70:21:9 |
PLA |
Melt mixing method |
-
-
The hybrid composites had higher tensile and flexural modulus compared to those of neat PLA.
-
-
The strength values were improved upon the addition of PALF, while impact tests showed enhanced strength results upon the addition of CF.
-
-
The dynamic mechanical analysis results confirmed that the storage and loss moduli of the hybrid composites increased with respect to those of the neat PLA, whereas the tan δ decreased.
-
-
The coefficient of thermal expansion was decreased with the addition of fiber.
|
[153] |
| Sisal fiber |
Hemp fiber |
- |
PLA |
Melt processing and injection molding |
-
-
The achieved mean tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and specific tensile strength of hybrid composites were improved compared to neat PLA.
-
-
The flexural modulus and specific flexural strength of hybrid composites also showed better performance than those of neat PLA.
-
-
Incorporation of sisal and hemp fiber with PLA remarkably increased the impact strength of composites.
|
[146] |
| Wood fiber |
Rice husk |
Wood content: 10%, 20%, and 30%
Rice husk content: 10%, 20%, and 30%
Hybrid content: 5%, 10%, and 15% |
PP |
Injection molding |
|
[154] |
| Woven jute |
Woven flax |
Fiber ratio:
Neat PLA, Jute/PLA, Flax/PLA, and Hybrid Jute Flax/PLA |
PLA |
Compression molding |
-
-
Hybrid composites achieved higher flexural strength and modulus, whereas flax/PLA have higher tensile strength.
-
-
For impact strength, the hybrid composite has achieved a higher value.
-
-
The hybrid composites have lower dynamic mechanical properties than the other types of composites.
|
[155] |
| Kenaf fiber (KF) |
Aloe vera fiber (AF) |
Composite compositions:
PLA, PLA/treated KF, PLA/treated AF, PLA/treated KF/treated AF,
PLA/treated KF/treated AF/1MMT and PLA/treated KF/treated AF/3MMT
MMT = montmorillonite |
PLA |
Compression molding |
-
-
The mechanical properties were found to be increased upon 15 wt % KF, 15 wt % AF hybridization, and 1 wt % MMT clay incorporated.
-
-
The 1 wt % MMT included hybrid composite exhibited increased tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and abrasion resistance compared to virgin PLA.
-
-
The tensile and flexural moduli of these composites are improved compared with neat PLA.
|
[156] |
