Table 1.

Examples of ML-based approaches that have been applied in phenotyping tasks.

ML-Based Approach	Application	Plant	Reference
Bag-of-keypoints, SIFT	Identification of plant growth stage	Wheat	[41]
Decision tree	Plant image segmentation	Maize	[42]
SIFT, SVM	Taxonomic classification of leaf images	A group of varied genera and species	[43]
MLP, ANFIS	Classification	Wheat	[44,45]
kNN, SVM	Classification	Rice	[46]

Abbreviations: SIFT, Scale Invariant Features Transforms; kNN, k-nearest neighbor; SVM, Support Vector Machine; MLP, Multilayer Perceptron; ANFIS, Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System.