Table 4.
Subcritical water extraction of glycosides.
| Samples | Medicinal Parts | Compounds Extracted | Extracts Activity | Extraction Conditions | Analytical Methods | Other Extraction Methods (Solvent, Ratios of Yields) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phaleria macrocarpa | fruits | mangiferin | 323–423 K, 1–7 h, 0.7–4.0 MPa |
HPLC, LC-MS | convention (water 69.6%; ethanol 34.1%; methanol 108%), HRE (water 85.7%; ethanol 60.8%; methanol 115%), Soxhlet (water 86.1%; ethanol 55.8%; methanol 113% methanol) | [36] | |
| Punica granatum L. | pomegranate seed | TP, kaempferol -3-O-rutinoside |
antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS) | 80–280 °C, 5–120 min, 1:10–1:50 g/mL, 6.0 MPa | HPLC-DAD, UV, HPLC-ABTS+ | leaching (water 40.6%; methanol 79.7%; ethanol 41.7%; acetone 45.5%), UAE (water11.3%; methanol 20.6%; ethanol 18.9%; acetone 15.2%), Soxhlet (methanol 71.4%; acetone 39.7%) | [144] |
| Teucrium montanum L. | aerial parts | rutin, naringin, epicatechin, etc. | antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP) | 60–200 °C, 30 min, 1–10 MPa, 1:10 g/mL |
HPLC-PDA, UV | [145] | |
| Paeonia lactiflora | root | albiflorin, paeoniflorin | 100–260 °C, 10–60 min,10–40 mL/g | HPLC | reflux (water 83.5%), UAE (ethanol 77.8%) | [146] | |
| Morus nigra L. | fruits | TP, TF, cyanidin 3-glucoside, etc. | 40–80 °C, 20–60 min, 2–6 mL/min, 15 MPa | tyrosinase inhibitory activity | UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | shaker (ethanol:water 116%), UAE (ethanol:water:TFA 134%) | [147] |
| Stevia rebaudiana | leaves | TP, stevioside, rebaudioside A |
antioxidants (DPPH) | 100–150°C, 30–60 min, 23 MPa, 1:10 g/mL | HPLC-UV, UV | [148] | |
| Erigeron breviscapus | whole parts | scutellarin, 20 inorganic elements, etc. | antioxidant (DPPH) | 120–140 °C, 5–15 min, 150–420 um | HPLC, HPLC-MS | reflux (methanol 86.1%; ethanol 84.8%) | [149] |
| Mangifera indica L. | leaves | quercetin3-d-glucoside, mangiferin | antioxidant (DPPH) | 100 °C, 4 MPa, 10 g/min, 3 h | UV, HPLC | SCCO2 (20% methanol 18.7%) | [150] |
| Crocus sativus L. | stigmas | picrocrocin, safranal, crocin | 5–15 min, 105–125 °C | GC-MS, UV, HPLC | [151] | ||
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch | licorice root |
TP, glycyrrhetic acid, glycyrrhizin, liquiritin | antioxidant (DPPH, reducing power) | 50–300 °C, 10–60 min, 0.002–5 MPa |
HPLC, UV-Vis | [152] |