Table 6.
SBWE of essential oils, alkaloids, quinones, terpenes, lignans, and steroids.
| Samples | Medicinal Parts | Compounds Extracted | Extraction Conditions | Methods | Other Extraction Methods (Solvent, Ratios of Yields) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Essential oils | ||||||
| Thymbra spicata L. | leaves | α-thujene, α-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, 1-carvone, thymol, carvacrol, etc. | 100–175 °C, 1–3 mL/min, 2–9 MPa, 30 min | GC-TOF/MS, GC-FID | [12] | |
| Aquilaria malaccensis | leaves | butanal, cyclopentanone, acetoxyacetone, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, creosol, etc. | 100–271 °C, 1–34 min, 0.08–0.22 g/mL | GC-MS, SEM, FT-IR | HD (95.4%) | [22] |
| Mentha piperita L. | peppermint leaves |
TP, menthone, menthol, eriocitrin, etc. | 40–160 °C, 10.3 MPa, 1–30 min | GC-MS, FID, HPLC | convention (methanol 53.2%) | [28] |
| Coriandrum sativum L. | coriander seeds | thujene, sabinene, pinene, myrcene, cymene, limonene, ocimene, terpinene, terpinolene, etc. | 100–175 °C, 1–4 mL/min, 0.25–1 mm, 2 MPa, 20 min | GC-FID, GC-MS | HD (1.54-fold), Soxhlet (hexane 1.4-fold) | [174] |
| Coriandrum sativum L. | coriander seeds | 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, coumaric acid, sinapic acid, cis-and trans-linalooloxides, linalool, etc. | 100–200°C, 10–30 min, 3–9 MPa | HPLC-MS/MS, GC-MS | [175] | |
| Kaempferia galangal L. | rhizome | ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, d-limonene, eucalyptol, tridecane, camphor, borneol, tetradecane, etc. | 120 °C, 10 MPa, 30 min | GC-MS | HD (82.3%), UWE (100%) | [176] |
| Piper betle | leaves | 4-allyl resorcinol, chavibetol | 2 MPa, 10–90 min, 50–250 °C, 0.25–1 mm, 1–4 mL/min | HPLC-UV | convention (water 92.2–111%; methanol 96.6–110%) | [177] |
| Aquilaria malaccensis | leaves | nonacosane, triacontane, pentadecanal, 9-octadecenal, (Z)-, tetradecanal, tetrapentacontane, guaiacol | 100–271 °C, 1–34 min | GC/MS, SEM, BET | [178] | |
| laurel | leaves | α-phellandrene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, borneol, nona-3,7-dienol, isobornyl acetate, γ-terpineol, etc. | 15 min, 50–200 °C, 1.5–15 MPa, 0.5–5.0 mL/min | GC-MS, GC-FID | [179] | |
| Citrus hystrix | leaves | linalool, isopulegol, neoisopulegol, citronellal, 4-terpineol, citronellol, geraniol, menthoglycol, etc. | 120–180 °C, 5–20 g/mL, 5–30 min | GC-MS | HD (28.2%) | [180] |
| Coriandrum sativum L. | coriander seeds |
α-pinene, β-pinene, camphor, methylchavicol, γ-terpinene, linalool, geraniol, carvacrol, etc. | 100–200 °C, 1:10 g/mL, 2 MPa, 20 min | GC-MS, GC-FID | HD (27.0%), Soxhlet (DCM 6.5-fold), SCCO2 (4-fold) | [181] |
| Lavandula L. | lavender flowers | a-thujene, a-pinene, camphene, sabinene, pinene, myrcene, hexylacetate, terpinene, limonene, etc. | 125 °C, 3 MPa, 30 min | GC-MS, FID | HD (1.2-fold), US-HD (1.3-fold), NaCl-HD (1.3-fold) | [182] |
| Alkaloids | ||||||
| Sophora flavescens Ait. | root | cytisine, matrine, sophoridine, sophocarpine, oxymatrine | 70–190 °C, 5–14 min, 4.0–13.8 MPa | CE | ASE (ethanol 78.1%) | [16] |
| black tea brick | leaves | theophylline, epicatechin gallate, caffeine, etc. | 120–180 °C, 7–42 min, 6–18 mL/min | HPLC | [46] | |
| Symphytum officinale L. | root | lycopsamine, echimidine, lasiocarpine, symviridine | 60–120 °C, 40 min | HPLC, LC-MS, MSn | HRE (methanol 2.8-fold) | [183] |
| hydrastis canadensis | root | hydrastine, berberine | 100–160 °C,1–10 MPa, 5–60 min, 0.5–1.5 mL/min | HPLC-DAD | reflux (methanol 90.8%), UAE (methanol 106%) | [184] |
| cocoa | shells | TP, theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, epicatechin, etc. | 120–220 °C, 15–75 min, 1:10–1:30 g/mL |
HPLC, UV | [185] | |
| Musaceae, Beta vulgaris | peels | dopamine, total betacyanin, betaxanthin | 150°C, 5 min, 3 MPa, 1:20 g/mL | HPLC, UV-Vis | infusion (100%), decoction (1.2-fold), maceration (97.4%), UAE (101%), MAE (50.3%) | [186] |
| Coffeea arabica, C. arabica, C. canephora var. robusta, C. canephora var. robusta | coffee silver skin | total sugar, reducing sugar, protein, TP, caffeine, HMF, etc. | 180–270 °C, 10 min, 1.0–5.3 MPa | HPLC, UV | convention (0.1 M HCl 96.6%; 0.1 M NaOH 1.5-fold) | [187] |
| Quinones | ||||||
| Rheum tanguticum | root | damnacanthal | 33–67 min, 100–200°C, 1.4–4.6 mL/min | HPLC, NMR, HSCCC | [17] | |
| Garcinia mangostana Linn | mangosteen pericarps | TP, xanthone | 120–160 °C, 1–10 MPa, 5–60 min, 10–30% DES | UV-vis, FT-IR, SEM | [188] | |
| Phaleria macrocarpa | mahkota dewa fruits | mangiferin | 4.0 MPa, 5 h, 50–150 °C | HPLC | [189] | |
| Lithospermum erythrorhizon | root | shikonin, acetylshikonin, β-dimethylacrylshikonin, etc. | 40–60 mesh, 120 °C, 5 MPa | UV, HPLC-ELSD | SCCO2 (86.3%), Soxhlet (ethyl acetate 95.4%), UWE (1.4-fold) | [190] |
| Morinda citrifolia | root | alizarin | 4 MPa, 150 and 220 °C, 1.6–4 mL/min | RP-HPLC-UV | [191] | |
| Morinda citrifolia | root | 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, alizarin | 110–220 °C, 2–6 mL/min | UV-Vis | ethanol (3 d) | [192] |
| Morinda citrifolia | root | 4 MPa, 150–200 °C, 2–6 mL/min | UV-Vis | convention (ethanol 81.16%), Soxhlet (ethanol 97.94%), UAE (ethanol 79.62%) SWBE (96.41%) | [193] | |
| Terpenes | ||||||
| Hedyotis diffusa Willd. | whole plants |
ursolic acid | 120–200 °C, 10–50 min, 20–40 mL/g, 0.6–3.0 MPa |
HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS | maceration (ethanol 58.8%), HRE (ethanol 78.4%), UAE (ethanol 90.4%), MAE (ethanol 74.9%) | [13] |
| Centella asiatica | whole plants |
asiatic acid, asiaticoside | 100–250°C, 10–40 MPa, 5 h | HPLC, DLS | [14] | |
| basil, oregano | leaves | limonene, citronellol, etc. | 100 and 150 °C, 10 min | GC-FID | [48] | |
| Ganoderma lucidum | fruits | ganodermanon-triol, ganoderic acids, lucidumol | 100–200 °C, 5–10 MPa, 5–60 min | HPLC, SEC-UV, SEM, MALDI-TOF | [194] | |
| Orostachys japonicus | stems, leaves |
triterpene, camellia, etc. | 110–260 °C, 5–20 min, 10 MPa | HPLC-MS | [195] | |
| Betula pendula | birch bark | betulinic acid | 160–200 °C, 10–30min, 10 MPa | HPLC | [196] | |
| Inula racemose | plants | igalan, soalantolactone, alantolactone | 23.2–56.8 min, 1.3–4.7 mL/min, 129.5–230.5 °C |
HPLC, 1H-NMR 13C-NMR, MS | Soxhlet (ethanol 100%), UAE (ethanol 70.36%), SCCO2 (76.06%) | [197] |
| Semen richonsanthis | seeds | 3,29-dibenzoylkarounidiol, polysaccharides | 80–160 °C, 5.0–30.0 min | HPLC, UV, SEM | [198] | |
| Cucurbita pepo | pumpkin peel | 14 carotenoid compounds | 120 °C, 3 h, 5 MPa | UV, HPLC | SCCO2 (75.4%) | [199] |
| Betula pendula | birch bark | sesquiterpenes, steroids | 10 min, 100–200 °C | LC, GC/MS, NMR | [200] | |
| S. rebaudiana | Bertoni leaves | steviol glycosides, tannins, chlorophyll A | 100–160 °C, 5–10 min, 10.34 MPa, 1:3 g/mL |
HPLC, UV, UV/Vis | [201] | |
| Lignans | ||||||
| Linum usitatissimum L. | flaxseed | SDG lignan, phenolics, flavonoids | 160–180 °C, 5–60 min, 10 MPa | HPLC-MS/MS, UV | [41] | |
| Sesamum indicum L. | sesame seeds | lignans, TP, flavonoids, flavonols | 140–220 °C, 8–14 MPa, 0–95% ethanol, 0–75 min | UV | [42] | |
| Linum usitatissimum L. | flaxseed | total fat content, SDG lignan | 120–180 °C, 15–90 min, 10–13.8 MPa | HPLC-MS/MS, UV | [43] | |
| Sinopodophyllum hexandrum | root | podophyllotoxin | 12 mL/g, 3 MPa, 2ml/min, 120–240 °C | HPLC | [202] | |
| S teroids | ||||||
| Pfaffia glomerata, Amaranthaceae | ginseng root | sugar, fructooligosaccharides, beta-ecdysone | 80–180 °C, 5–15 min, 2–12 MPa | HPLC-ELSD, HPLC | [24] | |
| Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer | ginseng root | TP, maltol, panaxadiol, panaxatriol | 150–200 °C, 5–30 min, 100 MPa | HPLC, UV | convention (water 32.6%; methanol 24.1%; ethanol 18.7%) | [25] |
| Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer | ginseng root | total ginsenosides, total sugar, 1-oleanane ginsenosides, etc. |
120–200 °C, 20 min, 1:20 g/mL, 6.0 MPa | FT-IR, UV, UFLC-MS/MS | heating (water, 30.9%; ethanol 94.4%) | [26] |
| grapevine | root, wood, cane |
E-piceid, E-piceatannol, E-resveratrol, E-parthenocissin, etc. | 100–190 °C, 5–30 min, 10 MPa | LC-DAD/ESI-IT, Q-TOF, NMR | ASE (116% for cane; 103% for wood; 1.5-fold for root) | [203] |
| Withania somnifera L. | root leaves | TP, withanoside IV V, withaferin A, withanolide A, B | 100–200 °C, 10–30 min, 10 MPa | HPLC, UV | maceration (water 31.7%), Soxhlet (ethanol 39.2%), MAE (methanol 45.8%) | [204] |
| Acanthophyllum glandulosum | root | saponin | 121 °C, 0.15MPa, 15 min, pH 4–9 |
FT-IR, UV-vis, HPLC | [205] | |
| Vaccaria segetalis | cowcock seed | vaccarosides, segetosides | 125–175 °C, 15–180 min | USE (methanol 46.8%; water 27.9%; ethanol 5.2%) | [206] | |