Table 1.
Studies published in the literature on NIAS Identification in different plastic food packaging.
| Food Contact Material | NIAS | Method/Technique | Migration Tests | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyvinyl chloride PVC/polyethylene-PE multilayer film | Antioxidants derivatives: Triester analog of 1010; Plasticizers (contain glycerol): 1-oleoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol; Slip agents (with an amide end group): Tetracosenamide, Docosanamide, Icosanamide; Others: 2-(2-hydroxyethyl-hexadecylamino)ethyl palmitate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,2′-disulfanediyldiacetate | UPLC-QTOF/MS | Stainless-steel migration cell, water, 40% ethanol or 95% ethanol | [10] |
| Multilayer plastic materials (the combination of aluminium (Al), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) | Cyclic esters (AA-DEG and AA-DEG-IPA-DEG) | UPLC-MS-QTOF and UHPLC-MS-QqQ | Ultrapure water, ethanol 10% and 95% ethanol | [25] |
| Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | Cyclic oligomers | LC-MS | 50% ethanol at 80 °C | [28] |
| Polyester resins, tin plate sheets coated with polyester–phenolic lacquers and corresponding press-twist-closures (equipped with plasticized polyvinyl chloride [PVC] sealings) | Polyester oligomers (cyclic oligomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers) | HPLC–DAD, HPLC–DAD/MS, GC-MS, GC–MSD and RP-HPLC–DAD/MS | Mashed infant food and two types of homemade carrot puree, Acetonitrile, 50% Etanol, 20% Etanol | [29] |
| Rigid thermoformed containers and films made with Recycled polyethylene terephthalate-RPET | Chromium, nickel | CP-AES | Distilled water, 5% citric acid | [31] |
| Multilayer food packaging materials | Printing unknown ink compounds | GC-MS | Tenax, isooctane and etoh 95% and etoh 50% | [32] |
| Polyurethane adhesive | 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione; 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione dimer; 1,4-dioxacyclotridecane-5,13-dione; 1,4,14,19-tetraoxacyclopent acosene-5,13,20,25-tetra one and 1,4-dioxacyclotridecane-5,13-dione; by-product of the curing reaction: 1,1-(Methanediyldibenzene-4,1-diyl)bis[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)urea]; 4-(7-acetoxy-5-methoxy-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2H,6H-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-3-yl)-1,3-phenylene diace-tate; Bis[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] 4,4′-[(2-methyl-1,3propanediyl)bis(oxycarbonylimino)] dibenzoate and Bis[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]4,4′-[1,5-p entanediylbis(oxycarbonylim ino)] dibenzoate; unknown compounds | UPLC–Q-TOF/MS | Tenax | [33] |
| Expanded polystyrene (EPS) (recycled material) | Styrene dimmers are observed, like cis-1,2-diphenylcyclobutane, 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene, trans-1,2-diphenylcyclobutane and 1-phenyltetralin. These compounds were reported as by-products during styrene polymerization or material processing | HS-SPME-GC–MS | 10% (v/v) ethanol and 3%(w/v) acetic acid | [34] |
| Polyethylene-PE, low-density polyethylene-LDPE and HIGH-density polyethylene-HDPE | Dibutyl amine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)alkylamines (impurity reaction or breakdown products), N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecylamine, tributylphosphine, tridodecylamine, Methyl (Ralox 35), ethyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (breakdown of Irganox 1010 or Irganox 1076), Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 1,1′-[2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester and benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 1,1′-[2-[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester (degradation of Irganox 1010), alkylamides N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis-(breakdown or impurity products of the additive octadecanamide, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis), Irgafos 168 OXO (oxo-derivative of Irgafos 168), 11-eicosenamide (derived from oleamide) | UPLC IMS QTOF | Ethanol 95%, ethanol 50%, Tenax, ethanol 10% and acetic acid 3% | [59] |
| Empty cans with lids coated with polyester resins | Oligomers | GC–MS, HPLC-DAD/MS, UHPLC-HRMS and DART-HRMS | -- | [60] |
| Polyester coatings based on NAH | Oligomers | LC-MS/MS and LC-TOF-MS | Acetonitrile, Water, 10% Aqueous ethanol (v/v), 50% Aqueous ethanol (v/v) and diverse foodstuffs | [63] |
| Polyester can coating extracts | Linear and cyclic oligomers derived from the incomplete polymerization of polyester monomers, phthalic acids and diols | HPLC-MS, HPLC-ESI MS and HPLC-HRMS/MS | 95/5 etoh/water (v/v-%) solution for 4 h at 60 °C and 50/50 etoh/water (v/v-%) solution for 10 days at 60 °C | [64] |
| Virgin and recycled Polyethylene terephthalate-PET pellets | Cyclic and linear oligomers: TPA-EG, (TPA-EG)2 + H2O, (TPA-EG)2, (TPA-EG)3 + H20, (TPA-EG)3, (TPA-EG)4, and (TPA-EG)5, TPA2-EG-DEG + H2O, TPA2-EG-DEG, TPA3-EG2-DEG + H2O, TPA3-EG2-DEG, and TPA4-EG3-DEG, (TPA-DEG)2 and TPA4-EG2-DEG2 | UPLC-MS-QTOF | Ethanol 10% v/v) and simulant B (acetic acid 3% w/v) as aqueous simulants and ethanol 95% v/v as a fat simulant | [65] |
| Baby food squeezes with multilayer materials (Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/aluminium-Al/polyethylene-PE) | Polyester oligomers, 29 cyclic and six linear oligomers. ε-caprolactam was tentatively identified as a heterogenic polyester oligomer combined with AA, DEG, PA and NPG; BHET and diethyl 5-(2-((2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy)acetamido)isophthalate, methoxyeugenol and Bis(2-methoxyethyl) sebacate | UHPLC-ESI-QTOF MS | Baby food: mixture of fruit purées (apple, banana, pear), fruit jelly, chocolate custard, acetic acid 3% (w/v) and ethanol 20% (v/v) | [66] |
| Polyurethane adhesives in multilayer packaging materials | Silane unknown compounds; degradation of antioxidants Irgafos and Irganox (2,6-Di-tert-butylbenzoquinone; isomer 2,5-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone; 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione; benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-methyl), by-product of the polyester-based urethane 91,6-Dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione); cyclic adipate; unknown nitrogen-compounds; unknown phenolic compounds; 1,4,7-Trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Tenax; isooctane | [67] |
| UV-curable varnishes over polypropylene | 2-propenoic acid,1,1′-[2-[[3-[2,2-bis[[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]methyl]butoxy]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediyl] ester is considered a NIAS, as it is a reaction product coming from the monomer TMPTA, 11-diethyl-7-oxo-4,6,10,12-tetraoxopentadecane-3,13-diyl diacrylate | GC-MS/Q and UHPLC-IMS/QTOF | Ethanol 95% (v/v) and Migracell® migration cells | [68] |
| Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), oriented polyamide (OPA), cast polypropylene (CPP), polyethylene (PE) and PE/ethyl vinyl alcohol PE(EVOH) | Primary aromatic amines-PAAs (1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione; caprolactam; 1,8,15-triazacycloheneicosane-2,9,16-trione; 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane, 1-cyanodecane and 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane; l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucine; 1,4,7,18,21-pentaoxa-11,14,25,28-tetraazacyclohentriacontane (9CI); l-leucine; l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-; butanediamide; N4-hydroxy-N1-[(1S)-2-methyl-1-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)propyl]-2-pentyl-, (2R)-; triethylamine, naphtylethylenediamine; 1,8,15,22-tetraazacyclooctacosane-2,9,16,23-tetrone; urea; N-cyclohexyl, urea, N-cyclohexy-N′-methyl and 1-(cyclohexycarbonyl)piperazine); Dimethyl phthalate | UHPLC–Q-TOF/MSE | 3% (w/v) acetic acid | [69] |
| Polypropylene random copolymer composite films | Irgafos 168 and its two degradation products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DP1) and tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (DP2) | GC-MS | Isooctane | [70] |
| Polypropylene (PP) | Degradation products derived from phenolic antioxidants, impurity/reaction product/breakdown product of the additives, Family 1: Family formed with the reference structure; was formed by the compounds that had a similar structure constituted by a group 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl; Family 2: With glycerol molecule (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitate and glyceryl dihexadecanoate, an ester of an acid chain bonded to a glycerol molecule); Family 3: Dihydroxy alquilamines (amine bonded to two ethanol molecules and also an alkyl hydrocarbon chain); Family 4: ceramide and dihydroceramide (a family of waxy lipid molecules which are composed of sphingosine (an 18 carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain) and a fatty acid); Family 5: amides bonded by ethylene (degradation products from a lubricant losing C2H4); Other compounds (amides come from the impurities or degradation products from erucamide and oleamide widely used as slip agents) | UPLC-MS-QTOF | Ethanol 95% and 10%, acetic acid 3% and Tenax | [71] |
| Hot melt adhesives (Ethylene-vinyl acetate-EVA and amorphous polyolefin APAO enriched in propene) | Degradation of Irganox 1010: 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | UPLC-ESI-MS/QTOF | Tenax | [72] |
| Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) pellets | The degradation product of the antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1010: 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl) phenol; 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane; linear aldehydes; residual monomers: ethylene glycol (EG); thermal degradation products: toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene; phthalates (DEP, DIBP) | HS-SPME/GC-MS | -- | [73] |
| Polypropylene (PP) films | Degradation products from Irgafos 168, Tinuvin 326 and Irganox 1076 | HPLC-DAD and GC-FID–MS | Distilled water/ethanol—50/50 v/v | [74] |
| Plastic films (with and without printing ink) including PE: polyethene. PET: polyethylene terephthalate. PA: Polyamide. PP: Polypropylene. EVA: Ethylene-vinyl acetate. | 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol is a degradation product of Irgafos 168 while 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone is a degradation product of antioxidants such as Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168 and Irganox PS 802 | purge and trap (P&T) coupled to GC–MS | Isooctane and Tenax | [75] |
| Polypropylene (PP) | 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (degradation product of Irgafos 168 and Irganox® 1010), tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6-9-diene-2,8-dione (a by-product of the antioxidant Irganox 1010) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, a degradation product of antioxidants such as Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168 and Irganox PS 802 | GC-MS | -- | [76] |
| Polypropylene food storage containers | Degradation products: 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and tris(2,4-di-tert-buthylphenyl)phosphate, methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, a compound identified as product of degradation of Irganox 1076 and/or Irganox 1010; 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone (isooctane fraction) and 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione; different compounds have been identified as metabolites of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (e.g., 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanol, phthalic acid, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), and consequently suggested as possible degradation products of this phthalate; by-product Benzothiazole; degradation products N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)alkyl amine | GC × GC−ToF MS | 3% (w/v) acetic acid, 10% (v/v) ethanol, and isooctane | [77] |
| Can coatings | Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Degradation products formed from antioxidants (1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol degradation products from antioxidants Irgafos 168 or Irganox 1076, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone degradation products from antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1010, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, a degradation product of Irganox 1010. | GC-MS and LC-MS/MS | -- | [78] |
| Recycled pellets obtained from post-consumer low-density polyethylene (PC-LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (PC-HPDE) | Polymer degradation products: octanal and nonanal (aldehydes); 3-decanone, 2-undecanone, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonanone and 3-dodecanone (ketones); hexane (others); Additives degradation products: 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (aldehyde); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone (ketones); methyl tetradecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate and ethyl palmitate(esters); 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (others); Contaminants from external sources: methyl lactate, hexyl acetate and dimethyl butanedioate, α-methylionone, 3-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-2-methylpropionaldehyde, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, (phenylmethylene)octanal and dipropylene glycol amog others (cosmetic ingredients); alkylbenzenes (breakdown products produced by the degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonates); contamination related to food: the lactones, 5-methylfurfural, furfural and methyl hexanoate (can derive from food flavors as well as from cosmetics ingredients); furfuryl alcohol, methyl pyruvate and 2-acetyl pyridine (food flavors), methyl-2-ethylhexanoate, acetic acid, propanoic acid, pyridine and dimethyl trisulfide (rotten food products), 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (paper labels). | GC/MS and HS-SPME-GC/MS | -- | [79] |
| Plastic baby bibs (polyethylene vinyl acetate-PEVA, polyamide-PA and polyethylene-PE) | Azocine, octahydro-1-nitroso-(Possible NIAS from printing ink); 1,6-Dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione (NIAS from polyurethane adhesive); 1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester (Tributyl aconitate) | GC-MS | Artificial saliva | [80] |
| Polystyrene-PS cups and multilayer films | Styrene monomer and oligomers; polyester urethane-based oligomers (PU) cyclic oligomers: α-methylstyrene; 1,1-diphenyl-ethylene; 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene; trans-1,2-diphenycyclobutane; 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene; | GC-MS | 10% v/v ethanol in water and 50% v/v ethanol in water | [81] |
| Polyurethane adhesives | 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione, a lactone | UPLC-TQMS and UPLC-QTOF-MS | Tenax and 3% acetic acid | [82] |
| Polyvinylchloride (PVC)-coated cans | 6-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-amine and BGA (6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) | UHPLC-HRMS | Water and 3% acetic acid | [83] |
| Monolayer film with polylactic acid (PLA), polylimonene (PL) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) | Tripropylene glycol diacrylate; 10-Heneicosene; α-Tocopherol acetate; N, N-Diethyldodecanamide; N-[(9Z)-9-Octadecen-1-yl]acetamide; 1-Palmitoylglycerol and Glycerol stearate | ICP-MS, GC–Q-Orbitrap-MS and LC–Q-Orbitrap-MS | 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid | [84] |
| Flexible multilayer materials point by polyurethane (PU) layers | Polyamide oligomers; Anhydride of monomethyl succinate, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; Erythritol monopalmitate; PU oligomers (cyclic esters made up of phthalic acid (PA); diethylene glycol (DEG) in combination 1:1 (PA-DEG) or 2:2 (PA-DEG-PA-DEG0); adipic acid (AA) or phthalic acid (PA); and diols such as diethylene glycol (DEG), neopentyl glycol (NPG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), dihydroxyalkyl ethers (dHAE), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), butylene glycol (BD) or hexanediol (HD). | UPLC MS–QTOF | Ethanol 10% v/v, acetic acid 3% w/v, and ethanol 95% v/v | [85] |
| Active packaging: Polypropylene (PP); PP + green tea; PP/poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) EVOH; PP/EVOH + oregano; PP/EVOH + citral; EVOH; Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/EVOH + citral; PET/EVOH + cinnamon; PP/EVOH/PP; PP/EVOH + oregano | Degradation of active compounds; impurities from the raw materials; additives used in the manufacture of the active polymer (citral thermal reaction products; oxidation product of citral; decomposition product of adipates used as plasticizers; impurity/reaction product/breakdown product for the additives used in the manufacture of PE materials; xanthenone derivates) | UPLC-QTOF-MS | Ethanol 10%; ethanol 95% | [86] |
| Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with an acrylic resin | Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) impurities: N2-Dodecanoyl-L-arginine (LAS) | UPLC–MS(QTOF) | Ethanol 10%; ethanol 95%; sliced fresh chicken breasts | [87] |
| Multilayer materials | 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione, and diethylene glycol (DEG) [AA-DEG]. | LC-HRMS | Ethanol 95% and Tenax | [88] |
| Silicone moulds and teats | Side reactions in the polymerization (cyclic and linear polydimethylsiloxanes; oligomeric dimethyl siloxanes) | H-NMR and GC-MS | Pizza | [89] |
| Polyurethane adhesives commonly used for food-contact laminated films | No NIAS detected. | GC–MS | Isooctane | [90] |
| Polyvinylchloride (PVC)—and polyethylene (PE)—based cling-films | 2-ethyl hexanoic acid (2-EHA), triacetin | Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction and GC/MS | PDO Italian cheeses during cold storage under light or dark | [91] |
| Oriented polypropylene (OPP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with printing inks | Printing unknown ink compounds | UPLC-QTOF-MS | Ethanol (95%) and Tenax | [92] |
| Polyurethanes (PURs) | Pyridine (NIAS, solvent); Dimethylacetamide (NIAS, solvent); 1,4-Dioxane (NIAS, reaction medium); Aniline NIAS, precursor, o-Toluidine NIAS, degradation product, Diaminotoluene NIAS, intermediate, o-Anisidine NIAS, intermediate, 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione, Myristamide NIAS, contaminant, Palmitamide NIAS, contaminant, Oleamide NIAS, contaminant, Stearamide NIAS, contaminant. | GC-MS and DART-MS | -- | [93] |
| Polycarbonate (PC) | Oligomers; PC-degradation products | UHPLC–ESI Q-orbitrap | -- | [94] |
| Candy wrappers based on plastic and paper materials | 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone, a degradation product of BHT, Diethyl maleate, Triacetin, Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-Hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl ester, Diethyl phthalate, Diisobutyl phthalate, 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6-9-diene-2,8-dione, Heneicosane, Tributyl aconitate, Docosane, Tricosane, Tetracosane, Pentacosane, Hexacosane, Heptacosane, Octocosane, Squalene, n-Nonacosane, Glycerol tricaprylate | GC-MS | -- | [95] |
| Polyester-polyurethane lacquers | Impurities or degradation products of IPDI trimer IPDI and DPMDI, two cyclic oligoesters, 2EG + 2TPA and 2NPG + 2oPA | GC-(EI)qMS, GC-(EI)Orbitrap, GC-(APCI)TOFHRMS and GC(×GC)-(EI)TOFLRMS | -- | [96] |
| Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) | Cyclic oligomers from dimer to pentamer containing TPA and BD, cyclic oligomers, linear oligomers, dehydration products | HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS | -- | [97] |
| Multilayer plastic materials (polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plus nylon) | Four cyclic oligomers of caprolactam (dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer); by-products-cyclic ester oligomers made of the monomers adipic acid (AA), phthalic acid (PA), diethylene glycol (DEG), monoethylene glycol (MEG) and neopentilglycol (NPG); Nylon cyclic dimer, Caprolactam Cyclic Trimer, AA-DEG, Caprolactam Cyclic Tetramer, Caprolactam Cyclic Pentamer, PA-DEG, Cyclic ester made up of Phthalic acid and diethylene glycol in combination 1:2, AA-MEG-AA-MEG, AA-MEG-AA-DEG, AA-DEG-AA-DEG, PA-MEG-AA-DEG, PA-DEG-PA-DEG, PA-DEG-AA-NPG, AA-BD, AA-BD-AA-BD, AA-DEG + H2O, AA-DEG-PA-DEG + H2O, 3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxabicyclo(15.3.1)henicosa-1(21),17,19-triene-2,16-dione, 1,6-dioxacyclodecane-7,12-dione, 1,6-dioxacyclodecane-7,12-dione, 1,6,13,18-tetraoxacyclotetracosane-2,5,14,17-tetrone | LC-HRAMS and LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS | 3% acetic acid in water (w/v) and 20% of ethanol in water (v/v) | [98] |
| Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) films | Calcite (CaCO3), calcium sulphate (CaSO4), polystyrene (PS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), Ca and Ti | Raman spectroscopy and ICP-MS | -- | [99] |
| Water-based acrylic adhesive | 2-(12-(methacryloyloxy) dodecyl)malonic acid | GC-MS and UPLC-QTOF | Poly(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) (Tenax®) | [100] |
| High and low-density polyethylene(HDPE and LDPE) | Phthalic anhydride, phthalic acid, di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) | FIA-MS, LTQ-Orbitrap | -- | [101] |
| Multilayer materials with barrier properties | Acids (nonanoic acid), Alcohols (2-nonen-1-ol), Aldehydes (5-hydroxymethylfurfural), Aldehydes (5-hydroxymethylfurfural), Alkanes (n-dodecane), Alkenes (1-undecene), Antioxidants (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), Aromatics (1,3-di-tert-butyl-benzene), Cyclics (n-propyl-cyclohexane), Esters (ethyl hydrogen sebacate), Ethers (1,1′-oxybis-octane), Ketones (2-undecanone), Oxidation Products (2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone) | SPME–GC–MS | -- | [102] |
| Polyester Coatings | Oligomers | HPLC-DAD/CAD, HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS | Water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and isooctane | [103] |
| Low-density polyethylen-LDPE and polyamide-PA added of NBBS, α-MSD, Irganox 1081, Irganox 1222, Santonox; LDPE 2/PA 6 2: Nonox A, Neozon D, Antioxidant 2246, Tinuvin P, TOTM | Degradation products of TOTM, including DEHP, isophthalate bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxylate (DOIP); decomposition product of NBBS was N-ethyl-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide; The formation of the cyclic saturated isomer (1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-2H-indene) is triggered by thermal impact, and so is the rearrangement of the carbon double bond to form isomer 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-2(E)-pentene). Decomposition product 2,3-dimethyl-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)benzene is formed by combining two cumyl radicals during pyrolysis of the pure additive and pyrolysis of LDPE entailing α-MSD. The degradation product of Neozon D and Nonox A identified in oxidative pyrolysis of the pure analyte was 10-methyl-benz[a]acridine; degradation products of Antioxidant 2246, Santonox, Irganox 1222/1081 and Tinuvin P: o-cresol, m-cresol or p-cresol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol and 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | Pyr-GC–MS and GC-EI-MS/MS | -- | [104] |
DART-HRMS: direct analysis in real-time ionization coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry; FIA-MS: low injection analysis (FIA) mass spectrometry; GC(×GC); (EI)TOFLRMS: two-dimensional gas chromatography-electron ionization time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry; GC-(APCI)TOFHRMS: gas chromatography atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry; GC-(EI)Orbitrap: gas chromatography/electron ionization Orbitrap; GC-(EI)qMS: gas chromatography/electron ionization-quadrupole mass spectrometry; GC × GC−ToF MS: two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry; GC-FID–MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and flame ionization detector; GC-MS/Q: gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; GC–Q-Orbitrap-MS: gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry with Orbitrap analyzer; H-NMR: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; HPLC-DAD/CAD: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (DAD) and charged aerosol detector (CAD); HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector and mass spectrometer; HPLC-DAD/MS: high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry with diode-array detection; HPLC-DAD: high-performance liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection; HPLC-ESI-MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; HPLC-HRMS/MS: high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS/MS: high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS: high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; HS-SPME-GC-MS: a combination of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; ICP-AES: inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry; ICP-MS: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS: liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometer quadrupole time of flight; LC-HRMS: liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC–Q-Orbitrap-MS: liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry with Orbitrap analyzer; LC-TOF-MS: liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry; LTQ-Orbitrap Linear Trap Quadropole Orbitrap; Pyr-GC–MS: Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; RP-HPLC–DAD/MS: Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array absorption and mass spectrometry; UHPLC–ESI Q-orbitrap: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry; UHPLC-HRMS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry; UHPLC-MS-QqQ: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry; UHPLC–Q-TOF/MSE: ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; UPLC IMS QTOF: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility separation-quadruple time-of-flight; UPLC-ESI-MS/QTOF: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometer quadrupole time of flight; UPLC-QTOF-MS; UPLC–MS(QTOF): ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry; UPLC-TQMS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.