Table 2.
Studies published in the literature on oligomers (NIAS) Identification in different plastic food packaging.
| Food Contact Material | NIAS | Method/Technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polycarbonate (PC) | Oligomers | UHPLC–ESI Q-orbitrap | [94] |
| Polyester Coatings | Oligomers | HPLC-DAD/CAD, HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS | [60] |
| Polyester coatings based on NAH | Oligomers | LC-MS/MS and LC-TOF-MS | [63] |
| Polyester can coating extracts | Linear and cyclic oligomers derived from the incomplete polymerization of polyester monomers, phthalic acids and diols | HPLC-MS, HPLC-ESI MS and HPLC-HRMS/MS | [64] |
| Empty cans with lids coated with polyester resins | Oligomers | GC–MS, HPLC-DAD/MS, UHPLC-HRMS and DART-HRMS | [60] |
| Polyester resins, tin plate sheets coated with polyester–phenolic lacquers and corresponding press-twist-closures (equipped with plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sealings) | Polyester oligomers (cyclic oligomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers) | HPLC–DAD, HPLC–DAD/MS, GC-MS, GC–MSD and RP-HPLC–DAD/MS | [29] |
| Flexible multilayer materials point by polyurethane (PU) layers | Polyamide oligomers, PU oligomers (cyclic esters made up of phthalic acid (PA) | UPLC MS–QTOF | [85] |
| Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | Cyclic oligomers | LC-MS | [28] |
| Virgin and recycled Polyethylene terephthalate-PET pellets | Cyclic and linear oligomers: TPA-EG, (TPA-EG)2 + H2O, (TPA-EG)2, (TPA-EG)3 + H20, (TPA-EG)3, (TPA-EG)4, and (TPA-EG)5, TPA2-EG-DEG + H2O, TPA2-EG-DEG, TPA3-EG2-DEG + H2O, TPA3-EG2-DEG, and TPA4-EG3-DEG, (TPA-DEG)2 and TPA4-EG2-DEG2 | UPLC-MS-QTOF | [65] |
| Baby food squeezes with multilayer materials (Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/aluminium-Al/polyethylene-PE) | Polyester oligomers, 29 cyclic and six linear oligomers. ε-caprolactam was tentatively identified as a heterogenic polyester oligomer combined with AA, DEG, PA and NPG; BHET and diethyl 5-(2-((2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy)acetamido)isophthalate, methoxyeugenol and Bis(2-methoxyethyl) sebacate | UHPLC-ESI-QTOF MS | [66] |
| Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) | Cyclic oligomers from dimer to pentamer containing TPA and BD, cyclic oligomers, linear oligomers, dehydration products | HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS | [97] |
| Multilayer plastic materials (polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plus nylon | Four cyclic oligomers of caprolactam (dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer); by-products-cyclic ester oligomers made of the monomers adipic acid (AA), phthalic acid (PA), diethylene glycol (DEG), monoethylene glycol (MEG) and neopentilglycol (NPG); Nylon cyclic dimer, Caprolactam Cyclic Trimer, AA-DEG, Caprolactam Cyclic Tetramer, Caprolactam Cyclic Pentamer, PA-DEG, Cyclic ester made up of Phthalic acid and diethylene glycol in combination 1:2, AA-MEG-AA-MEG, AA-MEG-AA-DEG, AA-DEG-AA-DEG, PA-MEG-AA-DEG, PA-DEG-PA-DEG, PA-DEG-AA-NPG, AA-BD, AA-BD-AA-BD, AA-DEG + H2O, AA-DEG-PA-DEG + H2O, 3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxabicyclo(15.3.1)henicosa-1(21),17,19-triene-2,16-dione, 1,6-dioxacyclodecane-7,12-dione, 1,6-dioxacyclodecane-7,12-dione, 1,6,13,18-tetraoxacyclotetracosane-2,5,14,17-tetrone | LC-HRAMS and LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS | [98] |
| Polystyrene-PS cups and multilayer films | Styrene monomer and oligomers; polyester urethane-based oligomers (PU) cyclic oligomers: α-methylstyrene; 1,1-diphenyl-ethylene; 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene; trans-1,2-diphenycyclobutane; 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene; | GC-MS | [81] |
DART-HRMS: direct analysis in real-time ionization coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-DAD/CAD: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (DAD) and charged aerosol detector (CAD); HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector and mass spectrometer; HPLC-DAD/MS: high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry with diode-array detection; HPLC-ESI-MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; HPLC-HRMS/MS: high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS/MS: high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS: high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS: high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS: liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometer quadrupole time of flight; LC-HRMS: liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC-TOF-MS: liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry; RP-HPLC–DAD/MS: Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array absorption and mass spectrometry; UHPLC–ESI Q-orbitrap: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry; UPLC-ESI-MS/QTOF: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometer quadrupole time of flight; UPLC–MS(QTOF): ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.