Table 2.
Measurements and joint angular ranges for cycling 3D kinematics analysis.
| Measurement | Abbreviation | Angular Range | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ankle Minimum | AR.Min | 65 to 75 | Maximum dorsiflexion at any point in the pedal stroke defined by the knee-ankle line and the heel–foot-line. |
| Ankle Maximum | AR.Max | 90 to 100 | Maximum plantarflexion at any point in the pedal stroke defined by the knee–ankle line and the heel-foot-line. |
| Ankle Range | AR | 20 to 30 | The difference between ankle maximum and ankle minimum. |
| Ankle Angle at Bottom | AAB | 90 to 100 | The ankle angle at the bottom of the pedal stroke (180°). |
| Maximum Knee Flexion | MKF | 107 to 113 | Maximum flexion of the knee joint at any point in the pedal stroke defined by the hip–knee line and the knee–ankle line |
| Maximum Knee Extension | MKE | 32 to 42 | Maximum extension of the knee joint at any point in the pedal stroke defined by the hip–knee line and the knee–ankle line |
| Knee Angle Range | KAR | 70 to 75 | The difference between knee angle flexion and knee angle extension. |
| Knee Forward of Foot | KFF | −10 to 10 | The fore and aft offset of the knee marker relative to the foot marker captured at the forward part of the pedal stroke (3 o’clock or 90° down). A negative number indicates a knee that is aft of neutral. |
| Kee Forward of Spindle | KFS | −35 to −5 | The fore and aft offset of the knee marker relative to the pedal spindle at 3 o’clock in the pedal stroke (90° in the downstroke). |
| Knee Travel Tilt | KTT | −2 to 4 | The frontal plane angle of the tracing created by the moving knee marker with respect to vertical. A positive number indicates a knee that tracks away from the bike in the upstroke. A negative number represents a knee that tracks towards the bike in the upstroke. See the front view of the knee path for visual representation of this measurement. |
| Knee Lateral Travel | KLT | 5 to 36 | The magnitude of the lateral movement of the knee |
| Hip Angle Closed | HAC | 66 to 76 | The most closed angle of the hip joint defined by the knee, hip and shoulder marker. |
| Hip Angle Open | HAO | 110 to 120 | The most open angle of the hip joint defined by the knee, hip and shoulder marker. |
| Hip Angle Range | HAR | 40 to 45 | The difference between hip angle open and closed. |
| Hip Lateral Travel | HLT | 5 to 20 | The magnitude of the lateral movement of the hip |
| Back Angle | BA | 50 to 65 | The angle of the back relative to the horizon defined by the hip and shoulder marker |
| Shoulder Angle to Wrist | SAW | 65 to 75 | The angle of the shoulder joint defined by the hip, shoulder, and wrist markers. |
| Shoulder Angle to Elbow | SAE | 60 to 70 | The angle of the shoulder joint defined by the hip, shoulder, and elbow markers. |