Table 4.
COVID-19 management (n = 966).
| Day 28 status |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive at day 28 (n = 793) | Dead at day 28 (n = 173) | All (n = 966) | p-value | |
| Maximal respiratory support during the first 24 h in ICU (n = 966) | 0.0001 (b) | |||
| Standard oxygen therapy | 203 (26%) | 25 (15%) | 228 (24%) | |
| High-Flow Nasal Cannula | 156 (20%) | 23 (13%) | 179 (19%) | |
| Non-Invasive Ventilation | 25 (3%) | 8 (5%) | 33 (3%) | |
| Mechanical Ventilation | 434 (55%) | 125 (72%) | 559 (58%) | |
| Mechanical Ventilation mode (n = 545) | 0.3209 (d) | |||
| VAC | 403 (96%) | 123 (99%) | 526 (97%) | |
| BIPAP | 2 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (1%) | |
| PSV | 5 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (1%) | |
| APRV | 9 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (2%) | |
| Tidal volume (mL) (n = 507) | 423 [241−658] | 418 [300−540] | 420 [241−658] | 0.1611 (a) |
| Respiratory rate (/min) (n = 528) | 22 [10−42] | 22 [12−35] | 22 [10−42] | 0.3712 (a) |
| PEEP (cmH20) (n = 535) | 12 [3–22] | 10 [2–20] | 12 [2–22] | 0.0683 (a) |
| FiO2 (%) (n = 543) | 80 [30−100] | 80 [40−100] | 80 [30−100] | 0.0427 (a) |
| Plateau pressure (cmH20) (n = 360) | 24 [10−40] | 25 [12−53] | 24 [10−53] | 0.0700 (a) |
| Intubation management (n = 489) | 0.9511 (b) | |||
| Video laryngoscopy | 156 (42%) | 52 (44%) | 208 (43%) | |
| Fiberoptic bronchoscopy | 37(10%) | 12 (10%) | 49 (10%) | |
| Direct Laryngoscopy | 177 (48%) | 55 (46%) | 232 (47%) | |
| Haemodynamic support | ||||
| Vasopressor support (n = 964) | 484 (61%) | 137 (79%) | 621 (64%) | < 0.0001 (b) |
| Inotropes (n = 963) | 41 (5%) | 29 (17%) | 70 (7%) | < 0.0001 (b) |
| Adjunctive therapies | ||||
| Antiviral therapy (n = 966) | 268 (34%) | 35 (20%) | 303 (31%) | 0.0005 (b) |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 213 (27%) | 29 (17%) | 242 (25%) | 0.0055 (b) |
| Remdesivir | 13 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 13 (1%) | 0.1410 (d) |
| Oseltamivir | 37 (5%) | 7 (4%) | 44 (5%) | 0.7232 (b) |
| Lamivudine | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1.0000 (d) |
| Nevirapine | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1.0000 (d) |
| Darunavir | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1.0000 (d) |
| Immunomodulatory agents (n = 966) | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 236 (30%) | 53 (31%) | 289 (30%) | 0.8198 (b) |
| Corticosteroids | 175 (22%) | 37 (21%) | 212 (22%) | 0.8446 (b) |
| Tocilizumab | 12 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 13 (1%) | 0.4831 (d) |
| Interferon γ | 9 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 10 (1%) | 1.0000 (d) |
| Anti-interleukin 1 | 5 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (1%) | 0.5922 (d) |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 2 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (0%) | 0.4472 (d) |
| Antibiotics (n = 965) | 730 (92%) | 163 (94%) | 893 (92%) | 0.3530 (b) |
| Type of antibiotic therapy (n = 893) | 0.9372 (b) | |||
| Monotherapy | 141 (19%) | 33 (20%) | 174 (19%) | |
| Dual combination therapy | 481 (66%) | 105 (64%) | 586 (66%) | |
| Multiple combination therapy | 108 (15%) | 25 (15%) | 133 (15%) | |
| Anticoagulants (n = 963) | 703 (89%) | 152 (88%) | 855 (89%) | 0.8498 (b) |
| Anticoagulant dosing (n = 855) | 0.0189 (b) | |||
| Therapeutic dosing | 192 (27%) | 56 (37%) | 248 (29%) | |
| Prophylactic dosing | 511 (73%) | 96 (63%) | 607 (71%) | |
| Sedatives (n = 964) | 434 (55%) | 129 (75%) | 563 (58%) | < 0.0001 (b) |
| Neuromuscular blocking agents (n = 966) | 357 (45%) | 103 (60%) | 460 (48%) | 0.0004 (b) |
ICU: Intensive Care Unit. VAC: Volume Assist Control mode, BIPAP: Bi-level Positive Airway Pressures, APRV: Airway Pressure Release Ventilation, PSV: Pressure Support Ventilation. PEEP: Positive End Expiratory Pressure, VA: veno-arterial, VV: veno-venous. FIO2: inspired oxygen fraction.
For continuous variables mean ± standard deviation or median [min-max] are given. For categorical variables, numbers (%) are given.
(a) Wilcoxon test, (b) Chi2 test, (d) Fisher’s exact test.