Table 3.
The activity of bee venom, melittin and royal jelly against microorganisms.
| Microorganism | Bee Venom | Melittin | Royal Jelly | Royalisin | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. aureus | 10–60 µg/mL | 6–10 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| 6.25 µg/mL | [73] | ||||
| 2 µM | [65] | ||||
| 0.5–4 µg/mL | [74] | ||||
| 2–4 µg/mL | [75] | ||||
| 0.7 µg/mL | 3.6–57.3 µg/mL | [76] | |||
| 20–80 w/w | [77] | ||||
| 3.4–9.0 mg/mL | [78] | ||||
| 15.63–500 µg/mL | [79] | ||||
| 12.5 mg/mL | [80] | ||||
| 7.5 µg/mL | [81] | ||||
| <250 µg/mL | [82] | ||||
| MRSA | 60 µg/mL | 10–100 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| 0.78–3.12 µg/mL | [73] | ||||
| 1–4 µM | [65] | ||||
| 0.085–0.11 µg/mL | [67] | ||||
| 0.5–4 µg/mL | [74] | ||||
| 7.2 µg/mL | 6.7 µg/mL | [76] | |||
| 30–70 w/w | [77] | ||||
| 8.0–14.5 mg/mL | [78] | ||||
| S. epidermidis | 60 µg/mL | 10 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| 0.78 µg/mL | [73] | ||||
| 40–80 w/w | [77] | ||||
| 8.7–10.3 mg/mL | [78] | ||||
| S. saprophiticus | 10 µg/mL | 10 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| S. pyogenes | 100 µg/mL | 10 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| S. pneumoniae | 3.12 µg/mL | [73] | |||
| S. bovis | 1.56 µg/mL | [73] | |||
| S. oralis | 100 µg/mL | 200 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| S. salivarius | 10 µg/mL | [70] | |||
| S. sanguinis | 10 µg/mL | [70] | |||
| S. sorbinus | 10 µg/mL | [70] | |||
| S. mitis | 10 µg/mL | [70] | |||
| S. mutans | 40 µg/mL | [70] | |||
| S. agalactiae | 40 µg/mL | 30 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| 6.25 µg/mL | [72] | ||||
| 50–100 w/w | [77] | ||||
| E. faecalis | 100–200 µg/mL | 30–50 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| 1–8 µg/mL | [74] | ||||
| 2–4 µg/mL | [75] | ||||
| 6 µg/mL | [70] | ||||
| 40–100 w/w | [77] | ||||
| 3.7–13.7 mg/mL | [78] | ||||
| E. faecium | 50–70 w/w | [77] | |||
| E. casseliflavus | 10 µg/mL | 8 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| VRE | 200 µg/mL | 50 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| L. monocytogenes | 2–4 µg/mL | [77] | |||
| 0.315 µg/mL | [83] | ||||
| E. coli | 60–200 µg/mL | 30 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| 1–2 µM | [65] | ||||
| 16 µg/mL | [75] | ||||
| 60–100 w/w | [77] | ||||
| 7.0–7.1 mg/mL | [78] | ||||
| 500 µg/mL | [79] | ||||
| 13.5 mg/mL | [80] | ||||
| NI | [81] | ||||
| >2000 µg/mL | [82] | ||||
| K. pneumoniae | 30–500 µg/mL | [72] | |||
| 2 µM | [65] | ||||
| 80–100 w/w | [77] | ||||
| 8.0–8.1 mg/mL | [78] | ||||
| S. choleraesuis | 500 µg/mL | [72] | |||
| 9 µg/mL | [81] | ||||
| S. flexneri | 60 µg/mL | [72] | |||
| 14.5 mg/mL | [80] | ||||
| P. aeruginosa | 500–>500 µg/mL | 100 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| 2 µM | [65] | ||||
| ≥64 µg/mL | [75] | ||||
| 0.125–4 µg/mL | [84] | ||||
| 60–100 w/w | [77] | ||||
| 3.3–14.4 mg/mL | [78] | ||||
| 15.5 mg/mL | [80] | ||||
| 10 µg/mL | [81] | ||||
| A. baumannii | 30 µg/mL | 30 µg/mL | [72] | ||
| 17–20 µg/mL | [84] | ||||
| A. baumannii (XDR) | 31–45.4 µg/mL | [85] | |||
| A. baumannii (PDR) | >284 µg/mL | [85] | |||
| C. albicans | 60 µg/mL | 100 µg/mL | [48] | ||
| 40 µg/mL | [86] | ||||
| 62.5–125 µg/mL | [87] | ||||
| 62.5–125 µg/mL | [79] | ||||
| C. glabrata | >500 µg/mL | 300 µg/mL | [48] | ||
| C. parapsilosis | 60 µg/mL | 100 µg/mL | [48] | ||
| C. tropicalis | 300 µg/mL | [48] | |||
| C. krusei | 60 µg/mL | 30 µg/mL | [48] |
w/w—weight/weight of RJ on water.