Table 2.
Overview of the SPGR system for direct observation of group behavior [46, 47]. The four first categories C, N, O and D cover behavior supporting the four basic group functions. Category W covers behavior that may lead to dissolution of the group and category S covers behavior that enhances collaboration
| Main category Sub-categories |
Typical behavior | Body language |
|---|---|---|
| Control (C) (Task-orientation) | ||
| Ruling (C1) | Controlling, authoritarian, emphasize rules and procedures. | Demanding, using eye-contact to control. |
| Task-oriented (C2) | Objective, efficient, analytical. | Neutral, slightly formal. |
| Nurture (N) (Relation-orientation) | ||
| Caring (N1) | Empathic, thoughtful, sociable. | Open expressive using eye-contact to recognize. |
| Spontaneous (N2) | Creative, spontaneous, emotional. | Large gestures. |
| Opposition (O) (Opposing) | ||
| Criticism (O1) | Provocative, oppositional, non-conformal. | May appear aggressive. |
| Assertiveness (O2) | Competitive, stubbornly, self-confident. | Dominating, rejecting. |
| Dependence (Obligation-oriented) | ||
| Loyalty (D1) | Passive, obedient, dutiful. | Submissive, small gestures. |
| Acceptance (D2) | Trusting, confident, satisfied. | Nice, show acceptance of the group. |
| Withdrawal (W) (Dissolution) | ||
| Resignation (W1) | Dejected, lack of will to contribute and cooperate. | Detached, rejecting and closed. |
| Selfish (W2) | Sad, withdrawn, offended, accusing. | Closed and tense, displaying ignorance. |
| Synergy (S) (Teamwork) | ||
| Engagement (S1) | Collaborative, inclusive, encouraging. | Active and lively, inviting, direct eye contact |
| Empathy (S2) | Listening, empathetic, supportive | Lively, inviting and confirming, seeking eye contact. |