Table 4.

Comparison of clinical and radiological data among current smokers, former smokers and non-smokers

	Current smoker	Former smoker	Nonsmoker	P value
Number of patients	40	34	79
Sex (M:F)				< 0.001*
Male	24	16	11
Female	16	18	68
Age (years)	50.00 ± 6.08	51.62 ± 7.40	49.52 ± 8.13	0.393
Follow-up (months)	52.10 ± 13.95	47.71 ± 14.82	47.65 ± 16.69	0.306
T value (spine)	0.24 ± 1.01	0.26 ± 1.19	0.34 ± 0.97	0.861
Preoperative outcomes
JOA	10.60 ± 1.03	11.12 ± 1.59	10.80 ± 1.39	0.261
NDI	30.50 ± 3.63	30.47 ± 3.86	31.37 ± 3.87	0.362
VAS-arm	5.93 ± 1.00	5.44 ± 1.37	5.68 ± 1.20	0.224
VAS-neck	5.98 ± 0.83	5.68 ± 1.12	5.90 ± 1.08	0.435
Segmental ROM	9.48 ± 5.11	11.25 ± 4.76	10.13 ± 4.51	0.273
C2-7 ROM	49.16 ± 13.81	53.44 ± 12.66	48.99 ± 12.16	0.210
Involved levels				0.116
C3/4	14	10	7
C4/5	38	28	59
C5/6	40	30	76
C6/7	22	14	42
Final outcomes
JOA	15.55 ± 0.81	15.79 ± 1.23	15.76 ± 1.05	0.511
NDI	8.48 ± 2.61	7.85 ± 3.09	7.86 ± 2.59	0.467
VAS-arm	1.63 ± 0.67	1.44 ± 1.05	1.63 ± 0.89	0.544
VAS-neck	1.50 ± 0.51	1.59 ± 0.50	1.48 ± 0.60	0.636
Segmental ROM	7.33 ± 3.53	7.58 ± 4.09	8.17 ± 4.04	0.508
C2-7 ROM	36.26 ± 10.65	36.70 ± 11.38	37.47 ± 10.89	0.838
Heterotopic ossification	24	22	46	0.812
Bone loss	22	22	40	0.386
Early fusion effect	2.35 ± 0.73	3.20 ± 1.59	3.62 ± 1.41	< 0.001*
1-year fusion rate	33	32	76	0.035*

^*P < 0.05, statistically significant