Table 6.

The impact of smoking on male anterior cervical HS patients

	Current smoker	Former smoker	Nonsmoker	P value
Number of patients	24	16	11
Final Outcomes
JOA	15.50 ± 0.83	15.94 ± 1.39	16.00 ± 1.18	0.335
NDI	8.04 ± 1.57	7.81 ± 3.47	6.55 ± 0.93	0.192
VAS-arm	1.58 ± 0.65	1.31 ± 1.25	1.55 ± 0.52	0.611
VAS-neck	1.50 ± 0.51	1.63 ± 0.50	1.55 ± 0.52	0.750
Segmental ROM	6.42 ± 2.81	6.98 ± 4.20	7.83 ± 3.14	0.520
C2-7 ROM	36.29 ± 9.92	35.09 ± 9.36	34.56 ± 10.46	0.870
Early fusion effect	2.63 ± 0.57	4.10 ± 1.66	5.35 ± 2.18	< 0.001*
1-year fusion rate	22	16	11	0.699

HS hybrid surgery, JOA Japanese Orthopaedic Association, NDI neck disability index, VAS visual analog scale, ROM range of motion. *P < 0.05, statistically significant