Table 7.

The impact of smoking on female anterior cervical HS patients

	Current smoker	Former smoker	Nonsmoker	P value
Number of patients	16	18	68
Final Outcomes
JOA	15.63 ± 0.81	15.67 ± 1.08	15.72 ± 1.03	0.935
NDI	9.13 ± 3.63	7.89 ± 2.81	8.07 ± 2.71	0.374
VAS-arm	1.69 ± 0.70	1.56 ± 0.86	1.65 ± 0.94	0.901
VAS-neck	1.50 ± 0.52	1.56 ± 0.51	1.47 ± 0.61	0.857
Segmental ROM	8.70 ± 4.12	8.12 ± 4.04	8.22 ± 4.18	0.902
C2-7 ROM	36.23 ± 12.00	38.14 ± 13.02	37.95 ± 10.96	0.853
Early fusion effect	1.92 ± 0.75	2.34 ± 1.02	3.34 ± 1.02	< 0.001*
1-year fusion rate	11	16	65	0.006*

HS hybrid surgery, JOA Japanese Orthopaedic Association, NDI neck disability index, VAS visual analog scale, ROM range of motion. *P < 0.05, statistically significant