Table 2.
Consequences on mental health
| Professional exposure only (n = 285) | Bystanders (n = 203) |
Unexposed (n = 316) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | (%) | Na | (%) | Na | (%) | ||
| PTSD (PCL 5)b | 0.068 | ||||||
| Probable Full PTSD | 19 | (9.4) | 17 | (12.2) | – | – | |
| Probable Partial PTSD | 36 | (17.7) | 37 | (26.6) | – | – | |
| No PTSD | 148 | (72.9) | 85 | (61.2) | – | – | |
| HAD Anxiety scale | 0.611 | ||||||
| > 10 (probable anxiety) | 29 | (13.2) | 21 | (14.7) | 24 | (10.3) | |
| 8–10 (possible anxiety) | 46 | (21.0) | 34 | (23.8) | 48 | (20.7) | |
| ≤ 7 (no anxiety symptoms) | 144 | (65.8) | 88 | (61.5) | 160 | (69.0) | |
| HAD Depression scale | 0.848 | ||||||
| > 10 (probable depression) | 10 | (4.6) | 6 | (4.1) | 8 | (3.5) | |
| 8–10 (possible depression) | 12 | (5.5) | 12 | (8.2) | 15 | (6.5) | |
| ≤ 7 (no depression symptoms) | 196 | (89.9) | 129 | (87.8) | 209 | (90.1) | |
| Suicidal thoughts | 0.020 | ||||||
| Present | 12 | (5.5) | 9 | (6.1) | 3 | (1.2) | |
| Absent | 208 | (94.5) | 139 | (93.9) | 239 | (98.8) | |
| Tobacco | <.001 | ||||||
| Initiated or relapsed / Increased | 33 | (13.8) | 26 | (15.5) | 13 | (4.9) | |
| Otherc | 207 | (86.2) | 142 | (84.5) | 250 | (95.1) | |
| Alcohol intake | 0.085 | ||||||
| Initiated or relapsed / Increased | 11 | (4.6) | 13 | (7.7) | 8 | (3.1) | |
| Otherc | 228 | (95.4) | 155 | (92.3) | 253 | (96.9) | |
| Self-medication | 0.116 | ||||||
| Initiated or relapsed / Increased | 17 | (7.1) | 14 | (8.4) | 10 | (3.8) | |
| Otherc | 222 | (92.9) | 152 | (91.6) | 251 | (96.2) | |
| Since the attack, started taking medication for sleep disturbance | 0.003 | ||||||
| Yes | 8 | (3.3) | 12 | (7.2) | 1 | (0.4) | |
| No | 232 | (96.7) | 155 | (92.8) | 269 | (99.6) | |
| Since the attack, started taking medication for difficulties related to anxiety and/or stress | 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 9 | (3.8) | 11 | (6.6) | 1 | (0.4) | |
| No | 231 | (96.2) | 155 | (93.4) | 267 | (99.6) | |
| Since the attack, started taking medication for difficulties related to depression | 0.781 | ||||||
| Yes | 5 | (2.1) | 4 | (2.4) | 4 | (1.5) | |
| No | 234 | (97.9) | 164 | (97.6) | 265 | (98.5) | |
aCases
bFinally, probable full or partial PTSD was 27.1% among staff with ‘professional exposure only’, and 38.8% among ‘bystanders’
cOther: discontinued consumption, consumption unchanged, never used or discontinued long ago