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. 2021 Jul 7;9:e11419. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11419

Figure 7. Proposed mechanism of CA protective effect towards UV-induced skin fibroblast cells.

Figure 7

UV exposures causing an increasing level of ROS leading to an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α leading to inflammation. The presence of ROS triggered the production of caspase 9 (Casp-9) along with the production of Casp-8 by the presence of TNF-α leading to apoptosis. These two condition of inflammation and apoptosis leading to aging in cells. On another side, UV-exposures decreasing the COL-3 gene expression causing the loss of fibril pattern leading to aging as well. The presence of CA inhibits the production of ROS level thus suppressing the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. The presence of CA also increasing the level of COL-3 gene expression.