Table 1.
Anthropometric, clinical, sleep, metabolic and inflammatory characteristics of the study population divided by working status: day workers (DW), active night shift workers (a-NSW) and former night shift workers (f-NSW)
| Variables | DW (n = 69) | a-NSW (n = 111) | f-NSW (n = 98) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 37.0 ± 7.2 | 36.1 ± 6.0 | 39.7 ± 7.1 | < 0.001 |
| BMI | 23.7 ± 3.5 | 24.8 ± 3.7 | 25.7 ± 4.6 | 0.013 |
| Gender (f/m) | 39/25 | 74/37 | 72/26 | 0.236 |
| Metabolic syndrome (y/n) | 1/63 | 10/101 | 6/92 | 0.145 |
| Smoker (y/n) | 19/45 | 50/61 | 36/62 | 0.120 |
| T2D first-degree relatives (y/n) | 23/41 | 33/78 | 37/61 | 0.444 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 112.0 ± 12.0 | 114.0 ± 12.8 | 112.0 ± 13.3 | 0.450 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.0 ± 9.5 | 74.8 ± 9.3 | 73.6 ± 8.4 | 0.024 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 89.7 ± 10.7 | 88.7 ± 8.1 | 89.9 ± 8.2 | 0.571 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/mL) | 10.4 ± 5.4 | 12.8 ± 14.3 | 12.0 ± 9.6 | 0.391 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.35 ± 1.37 | 2.63 ± 2.12 | 2.68 ± 2.24 | 0.566 |
| HOMA-beta | 149.2 ± 125.6 | 180.3 ± 170.9 | 174.8 ± 145.8 | 0.399 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.12 ± 0.24 | 5.32 ± 0.32 | 5.33 ± 0.30 | < 0.001* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.79 ± 0.15 | 0.82 ± 0.15 | 0.77 ± 0.13 | 0.038 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.2 ± 36.5 | 189.7 ± 34.8 | 197.7 ± 37.0 | 0.231 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.5 ± 13.9 | 59.4 ± 16.6 | 56.4 ± 15.7 | 0.364 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 112.2 ± 33.2 | 110.4 ± 33.1 | 121.1 ± 33.0 | 0.047 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 97.4 ± 65.4 | 99.4 ± 67.7 | 101.3 ± 66.7 | 0.934 |
| WBC count (× 103/mL) | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 1.9 | 6.6 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.4 ± 2.8 | 1.7 ± 3.0 | 2.1 ± 3.2 | 0.309 |
| PSQI global score (score 1–4/5–21) | 51/13 | 54/57 | 43/55 | 0.001* |
| REV-ERBα mRNA | 1.298 ± 1.66 | 1.230 ± 0.626 | 1.218 ± 0.584 | 0.861 |
| BMAL1 mRNA | 4.907 ± 6.693 | 4.170 ± 2.863 | 4.520 ± 2.804 | 0.506 |
| REV-ERBα/BMAL1 | 0.310 ± 0.164 | 0.369 ± 0.210 | 0.318 ± 0.158 | 0.050 |
| IFN-γ mRNA | 0.74 ± 0.60 | 0.84 ± 0.87 | 0.99 ± 1.1 | 0.208 |
| IL-1β mRNA | 1.74 ± 3.91 | 8.94 ± 20.31 | 8.70 ± 20.40 | 0.014 |
*Adjusted for age, sex and BMI
BMI, body mass index; T2D, type 2 diabetes; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; WBC, white blood cells; CRP, C-reactive protein; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-1β, interleukin-1β,