Table 2.
Anthropometric, clinical, metabolic and inflammatory characteristics of the study population divided upon sleep quality
| Variables | Good sleeper (n = 163) | Bad sleeper (n = 110) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 36.9 ± 6.5 | 38.7 ± 6.3 | 0.026 |
| BMI | 24.9 ± 3.8 | 24.9 ± 4.4 | 0.992 |
| Gender (f/m) | 97/66 | 88/22 | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic Syndrome (y/n) | 153/10 | 103/7 | 0.565 |
| Smoker (y/n) | 98/65 | 70/40 | 0.324 |
| T2D first-degree relatives (y/n) | 113/50 | 67/43 | 0.096 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 112.6 ± 12.9 | 113.1 ± 12.8 | 0.739 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.8 ± 8.7 | 74.5 ± 9.8 | 0.122 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 89.4 ± 7.8 | 89.2 ± 10.2 | 0.866 |
| Fasting Insulin (µU/ml) | 11.6 ± 11.1 | 12.5 ± 11.2 | 0.515 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.43 ± 1.52 | 2.80 ± 2.57 | 0.141 |
| HOMA-beta | 156.9 ± 132.6 | 191.9 ± 187.8 | 0.088 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.23 ± 0.29 | 5.33 ± 0.32 | 0.025 * |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.79 ± 0.14 | 0.79 ± 0.14 | 0.864 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 190.2 ± 34.0 | 196.5 ± 38.8 | 0.159 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 56.3 ± 15.5 | 60.8 ± 15.6 | 0.019 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 114.3 ± 31.5 | 115.2 ± 34.0 | 0.831 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 97.8 ± 67.0 | 102.2 ± 71.9 | 0.591 |
| WBC (× 103/ml) | 7.04 ± 1.52 | 6.22 ± 1.50 | 0.103 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 1.43 ± 1.16 | 2.02 ± 2.1 | 0.548 |
| REV-ERBα mRNA | 1.27 ± 0.46 | 1.25 ± 1.0 | 0.944 |
| BMAL1 mRNA | 4.59 ± 4.40 | 5.30 ± 4.9 | 0.658 |
| REV-ERBα/BMAL1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.049 |
| IFN-gamma | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.685 |
| IL-1β | 7.3 ± 20.0 | 6.77 ± 14.2 | 0.824 |
BMI, body mass index; T2D, type 2 diabetes; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; WBC, white blood cells; CRP, C-reactive protein; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-1β, interleuchin-1β