Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of healthy pregnant and GDM women
| NGT (N = 27) | GDM (N = 33) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 33.0 (29.0, 38.0) | 35.0 (32.0, 38.0) | 0.114a |
| Predimed, n (%) | 0.763b | ||
| Maximum adherence | 9 (33.3%) | 8 (25.8%) | |
| Medium adherence | 17 (63.0%) | 21 (67.7%) | |
| No adherence | 1 (3.7%) | 2 (6.5%) | |
| IPAQ, n (%) | 0.237b | ||
| Low | 18 (66.7%) | 17 (56.7%) | |
| Moderate | 6 (22.2%) | 12 (40.0%) | |
| High | 3 (11.1%) | 1 (3.3%) | |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 0.780b | ||
| Non-smoker | 17 (63.0%) | 16 (59.3%) | |
| Smoker | 10 (37.0%) | 11 (40.7%) | |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 60.0 (53.5, 64.0) | 67.0 (56.5, 85.0) | 0.008a |
| Weight at the end of pregnancy (Kg) | 71.0 (65.0, 77.5) | 77.5 (68.0, 95.0) | 0.031a |
| BMI at the end of pregnancy (Kg/m2) | 27.0 (25.2, 27.9) | 28.5 (25.1, 33.2) | 0.194a |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (Kg/m2) | 21.6 (20.4, 23.3) | 25.2 (21.2, 29.4) | 0.022a |
| Weight variation (delivery vs pre-pregnancy) (Kg) | 12.0 (10.0, 15.4) | 10.0 (9.0, 12.5) | 0.037 a |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 110.0 (100.0, 120.0) | 110.0 (107.5, 120.0) | 0.074 a |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.0 (60.0, 70.0) | 75.0 (70.0, 80.0) | 0.003a |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 5.2 (4.9, 5.3) | 0.093a |
| Third-trimester TC (mg/dl) | 256.5 (213.5, 282.5) | 240.5 (231.2, 285.0) | 0.672 a |
| Third-trimester HDL-C (mg/dl) | 59.0 (53.5, 88.0) | 68.5 (59.8, 82.0) | 0.740 a |
| Third-trimester TG (mg/dl) | 218.0 (187.5, 248.5) | 195.0 (174.0, 252.2) | 0.666 a |
| Third-trimester LDL-C (mg/dl) | 241.9 (207.0, 260.0) | 220.5 (208.5, 265.8) | 0.778 a |
| OGTT (mg/dl) time 0 | 80.0 (75.0, 83.5) | 92.0 (82.0, 95.0) | < 0.001a |
| OGTT (mg/dl) time 60 min | 122.5 (111.5, 138.5) | 168.5 (138.0, 187.2) | < 0.001a |
| OGTT (mg/dl) time 120 min | 97.0 (84.8, 113.5) | 139.5 (114.2, 152.2) | < 0.001a |
| First quarter fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 80.0 (72.0, 83.8) | 90.0 (80.8, 95.5) | 0.137a |
Data are expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables and as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables
aMann–Whitney U test
bPearson’s Chi-squared test