Table 1.
Sociodemographic, maternal obstetric/medical and bivariate analysis of factors associated with postpartum depression
| Variable | n (%) | Depressed | Not Depressed | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | ||||
| Social-Demographic Factors | |||||
| Health facility | 0.260 | ||||
| Bwizibwera | 93 (32.8) | 63 (67.7) | 30 (32.3) | 1.0 | |
| Kinoni | 47 (16.1) | 33 (70.2) | 14 (29.8) | 0.9 (0.42 – 1.91) | |
| MRRH | 152 (52.1) | 117 (77.0) | 35 (23.0) | 0.6 (0.35 – 1.12) | |
| cResidence | 0.005 | ||||
| Rural | 99 (33.9) | 62 (62.6) | 37 (37.4) | 2.1 (1.26 – 3.65) | |
| Urban | 193 (66.1) | 151 (78.2) | 42 (21.8) | 1.0 | |
| Age (years) | 0.175 | ||||
| < 20 | 16 (5.5) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | 3.4 (1.16 – 10.16) | |
| 20–24 | 102 (34.9) | 79 (77.5) | 23(22.6) | 1.0 | |
| 25–34 | 132 (45.2) | 95 (72.0) | 37 (28.0) | 1.3 (0.73 – 2.44) | |
| 35–49 | 42 (14.4) | 31 (73.8) | 11 (26.2) | 1.2 (0.53 – 2.79) | |
| Tribe | 0.155 | ||||
| Munyankore | 223 (76.4) | 159 (71.3) | 64 (28.7) | 1.0 | |
| Muganda | 18 (6.2) | 11 (61.1) | 7 (38.9) | 1.6 (0.59 – 4.26) | |
| Mukiga | 31 (10.6) | 26 (83.9) | 5 (16.1) | 0.5 (0.18 – 1.30) | |
| Others | 20 (6.8) | 17 (85.0) | 3 (15.0) | 0.4 (0.12 – 1.55) | |
| Education | 0.281 | ||||
| None | 4 (1.4) | 2 (50.0) | 32 (33.0) | 1.0 | |
| Primary | 97 (33.2) | 65 (67.0) | 25 (23.6) | 0.5 (0.67 – 3.66) | |
| Secondary | 106 (36.3) | 81 (76.4) | 20 (23.5) | 0.3 (0.41 – 2.31) | |
| Tertiary | 85 (29.1) | 65 (76.5) | 79 (27.1) | 0.3 (0.41 – 2.33) | |
| Marital status | 0.467 | ||||
| Unmarried | 14 (4.8) | 9 (64.3) | 5 (35.7) | 1.0 | |
| Married | 278 (95.2) | 204 (73.4) | 74 (26.6) | 0.7 (0.21 – 2.01) | |
| Religion | 0.415 | ||||
| Catholic | 93 (31.8) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | 1.0 | |
| Protestant | 145 (49.7) | 65 (67.0) | 65 (67.0) | 0.9 (0.52 – 1.73) | |
| Moslem | 24 (8.2) | 81 (76.4) | 81 (76.4) | 1.2 (0.44 – 3.20) | |
| Others | 30 (10.3) | 65 (76.5) | 65 (76.5) | 1.9 (0.81 – 4.55) | |
| Occupation | 0.096 | ||||
| Unemployed | 60 (20.5) | 46 (76.7) | 14 (23.3) | 1.0 | |
| Business | 114 (39.0) | 87 (76.3) | 27 (23.7) | 1.0 (0.49 – 2.13) | |
| Subsistence farmer | 57 (19.5) | 35 (61.4) | 22 (38.6) | 2.1 (0.93 – 4.60) | |
| Professional | 51 (17.5) | 40 (78.4) | 11 (21.6) | 0.9 (0.37 – 2.21) | |
| Manual labourer | 10 (3.4) | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | 3.3 (0.83 – 13.01) | |
| Housing | 0.127 | ||||
| Temporary | 232 (79.5) | 174 (75.0) | 58 (25.0) | 1.0 | |
| Permanent | 60 (20.5) | 39 (65.0) | 21 (35.0) | 1.6 (0.88 – 2.97) | |
| Maternal Medical Factors | |||||
| cHIV status | 0.002 | ||||
| Positive | 51 (17.5) | 28 (54.9) | 23 (45.1) | 2.7 (1.45 – 5.08) | |
| Negative | 241 (82.5) | 185 (76.8) | 56 (23.2) | 1.0 | |
| cKnown HIV status of husbandb | 0.042 | ||||
| No | 33 (11.3) | 19 (57.6) | 14 (42.4) | 2.2 (1.04 – 4.63) | |
| Yes | 259 (88.7) | 194 (74.9) | 65 (25.1) | 1.0 | |
| Chronic medical conditions | 0.193 | ||||
| No | 272 (93.2) | 201 (73.9) | 71 (26.1) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 20 (6.8) | 12 (60.0) | 8 (40.0) | 1.9 (0.74 – 4.81) | |
| Number of children | 0.380 | ||||
| 1 | 108 (37.0) | 81 (75.0) | 27 (25.0) | 1.0 | |
| 2–4 | 152 (52.1) | 112 (73.7) | 40 (26.3) | 1.1 (0.61 – 1.89) | |
| 5 or more | 32 (11.0) | 20 (62.5) | 12 (37.5) | 1.8 (0.77 – 4.16) | |
| Deceased children | 0.407 | ||||
| None | 261 (89.4) | 188 (72.0) | 73 (28.0) | 1.0 | |
| Less than half | 16 (5.5) | 12 (75.0) | 4 (25.0) | 0.9 (0.27 – 2.75) | |
| More than half | 15 (5.1) | 13 (86.7) | 2 (13.3) | 0.4 (0.09 – 1.80) | |
| Birth place recent pregnancya | 0.255 | ||||
| Health facility | 283 (96.9) | 208 (73.5) | 75 (26.5) | 1.0 | |
| Not health facility | 9 (3.1) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 2.2 (0.58 – 8.48) | |
| cComplication in recent pregnancy | 0.015 | ||||
| No | 238 (81.5) | 181 (76.1) | 57 (24.0) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 54 (18.5) | 32 (59.3) | 22 (40.7) | 2.2 (1.18 – 4.05) | |
| Mode of birth in recent pregnancy | 0.959 | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 236 (80.8) | 172 (72.9) | 64 (27.1) | 1.0 | |
| Caesarian section | 56 (19.2) | 41 (73.2) | 15 (26.8) | 1.0 (0.51 – 1.90) | |
aBirth with a skilled health worker is not expected in home birth
bFather of the baby
cFactors significant at bivariate analysis