Table 3.
Demographic characteristics of hospitalized patients with heart failure with/without muscle loss phenotype, grouped by age.
| HF without muscle loss phenotype | HF with muscle loss phenotype | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age categories in years | ≤50 | 51–65 | >65 | ≤50 | 51–65 | >65 |
| Number of Patients | 5,205 | 22,576 | 28,022 | 730 | 3,248 | 4,695 |
| Female (%) | 3,154 (60.6) | 14,109 (62.5) | 14,519 (51.8) | 418 (57.3) | 2,028 (62.4) | 2,491 (53.1) |
| Age (mean (SD)) | 44.07 (6.19) | 58.39 (4.14) | 75.66 (6.90) | 43.96 (6.34) | 58.42 (4.18) | 76.21 (7.04) *** |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| White | 2,830 (54.4) | 13,944 (61.8) | 20,702 (73.9) | 440 (60.3) ** | 2,088 (64.3) ** | 3,379 (72.0) ** |
| Black | 1,252 (24.1) | 4,642 (20.6) | 2,594 (9.3) | 150 (20.5) * | 657 (20.2) | 499 (10.6) ** |
| Hispanic | 815 (15.7) | 2,926 (13.0) | 3,324 (11.9) | 102 (14.0) | 349 (10.7) *** | 529 (11.3) |
| Other | 308 (5.9) | 1,064 (4.7) | 1,402 (5.0) | 38 (5.2) | 154 (4.7) | 288 (6.1) ** |
| LoS (mean (SD)) | 8.75 (12.32)cf | 8.13 (9.53)ci | 7.69 (8.14)fi | 14.54 (19.22) ***bf | 12.83 (13.53) ***bi | 11.16 (12.45) ***fi |
| In-hospital mortality (%) | 405 (7.8)f | 1805 (8.0)i | 2745 (9.8)fi | 102 (14.0) *** | 484 (14.9) ***g | 811 (17.3) ***g |
| Cost of hospitalization (median (IQR)) | 10,501.11 [5,867.47, 21,261.28]cf | 10,175.32 [5,814.17, 19,472.30]ci | 10,187.96 [5,967.70, 18,184.90]fi | 22,278.18 [10,322.53, 45,791.49] ***cf | 18,245.76 [9,238.09, 38,141.44] ***ci | 15,425.32 [8,683.92, 29,390.81] ***fi |
| Number of diagnoses on discharge (mean (SD)) | 17.60 (5.60)cf | 18.02 (5.46)ci | 18.41 (5.42)fi | 21.18 (5.24) *** | 20.99 (5.36) *** | 21.02 (5.12) *** |
| Elixhauser score (mean (SD)) | 20.33 (10.39)cf | 20.97 (10.24)ci | 22.86 (9.91)fi | 32.05 (10.42) ***cf | 31.96 (10.68) ***ci | 32.65 (10.68) ***fi |
| Comorbidities (%) | ||||||
| Acute kidney injury | 1,634 (31.4) | 7,751 (34.3) | 11,551 (41.2) | 232 (31.8) | 1,159 (35.7) | 1,972 (42.0) |
| Alcohol abuse | 1,746 (33.5)cf | 6,970 (30.9)ci | 4,129 (14.7)fi | 297 (40.7) ***cf | 1121 (34.5) ***ci | 738 (15.7)fi |
| Diabetes (uncomplicated) | 1,301 (25.0)cf | 7852 (34.8)ci | 11,054 (39.4)fi | 117 (16.0) ***cf | 788 (24.3) ***ci | 1,380 (29.4) ***fi |
| Diabetes (complicated) | 498 (9.6)cf | 2,971 (13.2)ci | 3,133 (11.2)fi | 50 (6.8) *cd | 398 (12.3)ch | 468 (10.0) *dh |
| Hypertension | 2,819 (54.2)Cf | 14,256 (63.1)Ci | 18,412 (65.7)fi | 333 (45.6) ***cf | 1,760 (54.2) ***ci | 2,776 (59.1) ***cf |
| Home Discharge | 3,126 (65.1)cf | 11,067 (53.3)ci | 9,019 (35.7)fi | 274 (43.6)cf*** | 934 (33.9)ci*** | 692 (17.9)fi*** |
Abbreviations: CoH: Cost of hospitalization per admission, HF: Heart failure, LoS: Length of stay, USD: US dollars, SD: Standard deviation.
CHF without muscle loss vs CHF with muscle loss, between each age group:
*
p <0.05,
**
p <0.01,
***
p <0.001.
Within phenotype group, ≤50 vs. 51–65:
a:
p<0.05;
b:
p<0.01;
c:
p<0.001.
Within phenotype group, ≤50 vs. >65:
d:
p<0.05;
e:
p<0.01;
f:
p<0.001.
Within phenotype group, 51–65 vs. >65:
g:
p<0.05;
h:
p<0.01;
i:
p<0.001.