Table 2.
Univariable analysis of predictors of death and heart transplantation.
| Time-independent variables | N | No. of events | HR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 669 | 50 | 1 | 0.009 |
| Male | 892 | 90 | 1.58 (1.11–2.24) | ||
| Ventricle morphology | Left | 897 | 83 | 1 | 0.1 |
| Right | 512 | 47 | 1.52 (1.06–2.18) | ||
| Biventricular | 94 | 7 | 1.22 (0.56–2.65) | ||
| Indeterminate | 38 | 1 | 0.44 (0.06–3.19) | ||
| HLHS | No | 1352 | 128 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Yes | 209 | 12 | 1.55 (0.84–2.85) | ||
| Isomerism | No | 1423 | 126 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Yes | 109 | 12 | 1.39 (0.77–2.51) | ||
| Dextrocardia | No | 1377 | 123 | 1 | 0.5 |
| Yes | 137 | 14 | 1.20 (0.69–2.09) | ||
| Fontan type | AP | 230 | 72 | 1 | <0.001 |
| LT | 286 | 29 | 0.47 (0.30–0.73) | ||
| ECC | 1045 | 39 | 0.43 (0.27–0.67) | ||
| Year Fontan operation | 1975–1989 | 192 | 61 | 1 | 0.01 |
| 1990–1999 | 359 | 45 | 0.61 (0.41–0.93) | ||
| 2000–2009 | 525 | 25 | 0.43 (0.25–0.72) | ||
| 2010–2017 | 485 | 9 | 0.49 (0.22–1.06) | ||
| Number Palliations | Per unit increase | 1531 | 138 | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) | 0.05 |
| Prior aortic arch intervention | No | 1451 | 135 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Yes | 80 | 3 | 0.74 (0.24–2.35) | ||
| Prior pulmonary artery banding | No | 1164 | 104 | 1 | 0.8 |
| Yes | 367 | 34 | 1.04 (0.71–1.54) | ||
| Prior staging BCPS | No | 527 | 98 | 1 | 0.002 |
| Yes | 1004 | 40 | 0.53 (0.36–0.79) | ||
| Bilateral BCPS | No | 1416 | 133 | 1 | 0.8 |
| Yes | 115 | 5 | 0.89 (0.36–2.18) | ||
| Age at first BCPS | Per unit increase | 971 | 38 | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 0.9 |
| Pulmonary artery reconstruction | No | 1459 | 137 | 1 | 0.1 |
| Yes | 102 | 3 | 0.44 (0.14–1.38) | ||
| Pre Fontan O2 saturation | Per unit increase | 1145 | 78 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.3 |
| Pre Fontan pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg) | Per unit increase | 1172 | 99 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.8 |
| Aortic pulmonary or venous Collaterals | No | 825 | 72 | 1 | 0.4 |
| Yes | 345 | 12 | 0.76 (0.41–1.42) | ||
| Preoperative elevated PAP (>15) | No | 1065 | 87 | 1 | 0.5 |
| Yes | 107 | 12 | 0.81 (0.44–1.48) | ||
| Pre Fontan Arrhythmia | No | 1539 | 134 | 1 | 0.02 |
| Yes | 22 | 6 | 3.04 (1.34–6.91) | ||
| Pre-operative atrioventricular regurgitation | No | 1116 | 103 | 1 | 0.05 |
| Yes | 116 | 13 | 1.88 (1.05–3.36) | ||
| Pre Fontan Atrioventricular valve repair | No | 1454 | 128 | 1 | 0.002 |
| Yes | 77 | 10 | 3.31 (1.71–6.39) | ||
| Pre Fontan pacemaker | No | 1555 | 139 | 1 | 0.8 |
| Yes | 6 | 1 | 1.32 (0.19–9.47) | ||
| Arch intervention | No | 1451 | 135 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Yes | 80 | 3 | 0.74 (0.24–2.35) | ||
| Age at Fontan | Per unit increase | 1561 | 140 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 0.001 |
| Fenestration | No | 967 | 102 | 1 | 0.9 |
| Yes | 573 | 37 | 1.02 (0.69–1.50) | ||
| Concomitant procedures | No | 1115 | 96 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Yes | 446 | 44 | 1.27 (0.89–1.82) | ||
| Concomitant Pulmonary artery reconstruction | No | 1470 | 131 | 1 | 0.4 |
| Yes | 91 | 9 | 1.34 (0.68–2.63) | ||
| Concomitant atrioventricular valve repair | No | 1529 | 138 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Yes | 32 | 2 | 0.71 (0.18–2.87) | ||
| Prolonged pleural effusions post-Fontan | No | 1473 | 125 | 1 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 88 | 15 | 2.34 (1.37–4.01) |
| Time-dependent variables | N | No. of events | HR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arrhythmia (Flutter, SVT or Fibrillation) | No | 1354 | 92 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 207 | 48 | 2.99 (1.99–4.48) | ||
| 3.49 (2.21–5.49)* | |||||
| PLE/plastic bronchitis | No | 1506 | 121 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 55 | 19 | 7.46 (4.41–12.6) | ||
| Atrioventricular valve regurgitation | No | 1309 | 131 | 1 | 0.9 |
| Yes | 252 | 9 | 1.04 (0.50–2.13) | ||
| Late ventricular dysfunction | No | 1413 | 86 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 148 | 54 | 15.8 (10.7–23.1) |
*
Fitted with time-dependent variable × time interaction to adjust for proportional hazards assumption violation.