Table 17.
Bio-ethanol engine performance, combustion and emission condition (Masum et al., 2013).
| Engine | Ethanol concentration in blend | Adjustment and/or modification and test condition | Emissions impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4S, 1C CR: 6/10–10/1, EIS | 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% | CR 6:1 and 10:1 Varying speed (1500–4000 rpm) | E↑ and NOx↓, CO, HC, CO2↓ |
| 4S, 1C CR: 5/1–13/1 | 0%, 50%, 85% | CR 10:1 and 11:1 Varying speed (1000–5500 rpm) | E↑ and NOx ↓, CO, HC↓ BSFC↑ |
| 4S, 4C, MIS, WC | 0%, 5%, 10% | WP = 5–20 kw speed = 80 and 100 km/h | 80 km/h: 11% and 15.5% NOx↓ 100 km/h: 10.55 and 13.55 NOx↓ |
| 1C, 4S, AC, EDI + GPI, CR 9.8/1 | 0%, 24.3%, 48.4%, 60.1% | Speed = 3500–5000 rpm | E < 24.35 NOx↑ E ˃24.3% NOx↓, HC↑, CO↑ |
| 4S, motorcycle, carburetted engine (CE) and fuel injected engine (FIE) | 0%, 15% | Constant speed | CE 36% NOx↓ FIE 3% NOx↑, CE HC and CO↓ FIE HC and CO↓ |
| 1C, SI, CR 10.5/1 | 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and H10%, 20%, 30%, 40% | Constant speed (2000 rpm) | NOx↓, HC and CO↓ |
| 1C, AC, CR 8.5/1 | 0%, 100% | Speed: 1600–3600 rpm | NOx↓, CO, HC↓, CO2↑ |
| 1C, GPI, CR 9.5 | 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% | IMEP = 3 and 5 bar | NOx↓, HC↓ |
| 4C, FFEPFI, CR 10.35/1 | 25% and H 30%, 50%, 80%, 100% | Load = 60 and 105 Nm | At 60 Nm NOx↓ at 105 Nm NOx↑, At 60 Nm HC↓ at 105 Nm CO↓ HC↓ |
| 1C, DISI, CR 9.5 | 0%, 5%, 25%, 85%, 100% | Constant Speed (2000 rpm) | E<25% NOx↑ E˃25% NOx↓ |
| 4C, MIS, WC, CR 10.4/1 | 0%, 5%, 15% | Wheel power 5–20 Kw Speed 80 km/h | E5: 11% NOx↓ E10 15:5% NOx↓, CO, HC↓ |
| MFIE, CR 9.8/1 | 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% | Cold start condition, intake air temperature 20 °C | E5, E10 NOx↓ E10 15.5% NOx↓, E5, E10 CO, HC↑ E˃ 10%, CO, HC↓ |
| 4C, SI | 0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 85% | Constant engine speed | NOx↓, CO, HC↓ |
| 1C, SI, AC, CR 11.3/1 | 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% | Idle, 2500, 5000, 6500 rpm | NOx↓ |
| DISI, turbocharged | 0%, 10%, 20% | NOx↓ | |
| DISI, CR 12/1 | 0%, 25%, 50%, 85% | End of injection CAD 45-5 BTDC | NOx↓, HC↑, smoke↓ |
| 4C, SI, CR 12/1 | 22%, H100% | Engine speed 2500–6000 rpm | NOx↑ (compared with E22), HC & CO↓ |
| 1C, CR 10.5/1 | 0%, 6%, 10%, 15%, 20% | Speed 2000 rpm | NOx↓ (except E6), HC↑ & CO↓ |
| DI, CR 11.5/1 | 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 85%, 100 | Speed 1500 rpm IMEP = 3.4 bar | NOx↓, CO, HC↓ |
| 1C, CR: variable | 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% | Speed: 1500 rpm CR: 8 and HUCR | NOx↓, CO, HC↓ |
| 4C, CR 9.7/1 | 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% | Speed: 1000–5000 rpm | NOx↑, HC & CO↓ |
| 4C, CR 10.5 | 0%, 85%, 100% | Speed: 3500 rpm | NOx↓, CO, HC↓ |
EIS- electronic injection system, EDM-ethanol fuel direct injection, GPI- gasoline port injection, C- cylinder, CR-compression ratio, MIS- multi-point injection system, WC- water cooled, AC- air cooled, FFE-flex fuel engine, MFIE-multi-point fuel injection engine, HUCR-high useful compression ratio, E-ethanol, Hxx%- xx%hydrous ethanol in gasoline, ↓- decrease, ↑↑- increase compared with E25.