TABLE 1.

DNA methylation in vascular aging.

Vascular cells	Genes	Methylation status	Functions	References
ECs	KLF2	Hyper	Pro-inflammation	Kumar et al., 2013
	KLF4	Hyper	Pro-inflammation	Jiang et al., 2014
	SMAD7	Hyper	Pro-inflammation	Wei et al., 2018
	HoxA5	Hyper	Pro-inflammation	Dunn et al., 2014
	p66shc	Hypo	Pro-coagulant	Kim et al., 2012
	CTGF	Hypo	Pro-inflammation	Zhang et al., 2017
	ANXA5, BAX, CASP3, LOX-1	Hypo	Pro-apoptosis	Mitra et al., 2011
	BCL2, cIAP-1	Hyper	Anti- apoptosis	Mitra et al., 2011
	cyclin A	Hyper	Pro-proliferation	Zhang et al., 2017
	hTERT	Hypo	Pro-senescence	Zhang D. et al., 2015
VSMCs	MFN2	Hyper	Pro-proliferation	Xu L. et al., 2019
	PTEN	Hyper	Pro-proliferation	Ma et al., 2018
	ER-α	Hyper	Pro-proliferation	Min et al., 2016
	PDGF	Hypo	Pro-proliferation	Zhang et al., 2012
	HIF-1α	Hypo	Pro-migration	Wu et al., 2019
	MYOCD, SRF, MYH11	Hyper	Pro-differentiation	Liu et al., 2013
Fibroblasts	RASSF1A	Hyper	Fibrosis	Tao et al., 2014a
	RASAL1	Hyper	Fibrosis	Bechtel et al., 2010
	BMP-7	Hyper	Fibrosis	Xu et al., 2015a
	COL1A1	Hypo	Fibrosis	Pan et al., 2013
Macrophages	PPARγ1	Hyper	Pro-inflammation	Yang et al., 2014
	PSTPIP2	Hyper	Pro-inflammation	Luz et al., 2018
	LXRα	Hyper	Pro-inflammation	Cao et al., 2014

EC, endothelial cells; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells.