Table 1.
Univariate analysis to identify factors associated with any ciprofloxacin resistance (CIP) and any tetracycline resistance (TET) among 214 Campylobacter jejuni isolates from Michigan, 2011 to 2014.
| Any CIP resistance (n = 49) | Any TET resistance (n = 120) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristicsa | No. | (%) | OR (95% CI)b | p-valuec | No. | (%) | OR (95% CI)b | p-valuec |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 0–9 (n = 65) | 14 | (21.5) | 0.7 (0.31, 1.65) | 0.43 | 39 | (60.0) | 1.1 (0.53, 2.32) | 0.77 |
| 10–18 (n = 18) | 2 | (11.1) | – | 0.21 | 6 | (33.3) | 0.4 (0.12, 1.14) | 0.08 |
| 19–40 (n = 54) | 15 | (27.8) | 1.0 | – | 31 | (57.4) | 1.0 | – |
| 41–65 (n = 59) | 16 | (27.1) | 1.0 (0.42, 2.21) | 0.94 | 33 | (55.9) | 0.9 (0.45, 1.98) | 0.87 |
| ≥65 (n = 17) | 2 | (11.8) | - | 0.21 | 10 | (58.8) | 1.1 (0.35, 3.20) | 0.92 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male (n = 110) | 23 | (20.9) | 1.0 | – | 58 | (52.7) | 1.0 | – |
| Female (n = 96) | 23 | (24.0) | 0.8 (0.44, 1.62) | 0.60 | 54 | (56.3) | 1.2 (0.66, 2.00) | 0.61 |
| Self-reported raced | ||||||||
| White/Caucasian (n = 137) | 32 | (23.4) | 1.0 | – | 76 | (36.5) | 1.0 | – |
| Non-white/other (n = 35) | 9 | (25.7) | 1.1 (0.48, 2.67) | 0.77 | 17 | (48.6) | 0.8 (0.36, 1.59) | 0.46 |
| Arab ethnicity | ||||||||
| No (n = 106) | 27 | (25.5) | – | – | 53 | (50.0) | 1.0 | – |
| Yes (n = 25) | 3 | (12.0) | – | 0.19 | 17 | (68.0) | 2.1 (0.84, 5.35) | 0.10 |
| Season | ||||||||
| Winter, Spring (n = 56) | 12 | (21.4) | 1.0 | – | 38 | (67.9) | 1.0 | – |
| Summer, fall (n = 158) | 37 | (23.4) | 1.1 (0.54, 2.34) | 0.76 | 82 | (51.9) | 0.5 (0.27, 0.97) | 0.04 |
| Any travel in the past month | ||||||||
| No (n = 88) | 13 | (14.8) | 1.0 | – | 45 | (51.1) | 1.0 | – |
| Yes (n = 61) | 21 | (34.4) | 3.0 (1.37, 6.68) | 0.005 | 37 | (60.7) | 1.5 (0.76, 2.86) | 0.25 |
| Type of travel in the past month | ||||||||
| None (n = 88) | 13 | (14.8) | 1.0 | – | 45 | (51.1) | 1.0 | – |
| Domestic (n = 33) | 4 | (12.5) | – | 1.0 | 18 | (56.3) | 1.1 (0.51, 2.56) | 0.74 |
| International (n = 27) | 17 | (63.0) | 9.8 (3.69, 26.09) | <0.0001 | 18 | (69.2) | 2.2 (0.85, 5.46) | 0.10 |
| Type of drinking water | ||||||||
| Municipal, bottled (n = 119) | 25 | (21.1) | 1.0 | – | 60 | (50.4) | 1.0 | – |
| Any well water (n = 27) | 5 | (18.5) | 0.9 (0.29, 2.48) | 0.77 | 19 | (70.4) | 2.3 (0.95, 5.75) | 0.06 |
| Poultry consumption | ||||||||
| No (n = 16) | 4 | (25.0) | – | – | 10 | (62.5) | 1.0 | |
| Yes (n = 115) | 24 | (20.9) | – | 0.75 | 61 | (53.0) | 0.7 (0.23, 1.99) | 0.48 |
| Any animal contact | ||||||||
| No (n = 54) | 12 | (22.2) | 1.0 | – | 30 | (55.6) | 1.0 | - |
| Yes (n = 96) | 20 | (20.8) | 0.9 (0.41, 2.07) | 0.84 | 52 | (54.2) | 0.9 (0. 48, 1.85) | 0.87 |
| Contact with livestock | ||||||||
| No (n = 137) | 31 | (22.6) | – | – | 71 | (51.8) | – | – |
| Yes (n = 13) | 1 | (7.7) | – | 0.30 | 11 | (84.6) | – | 0.04 |
| Cattle density in resident countye | ||||||||
| Low <8,400 cattle (n = 23) | 3 | (13.0) | – | – | 12 | (52.2) | 1.0 | – |
| High ≥8,400 cattle (n = 82) | 21 | (25.6) | – | 0.27 | 50 | (61.0) | 1.4 (0.56, 3.63) | 0.45 |
| Residence type | ||||||||
| Rural (n = 73) | 18 | (24.7) | 1.0 | – | 45 | (61.6) | 1.0 | – |
| Urban (n = 119) | 25 | (21.0) | 0.8 (0.41, 1.62) | 0.56 | 62 | (52.1) | 0.7 (0.37, 1.22) | 0.20 |
| Hospitalized | ||||||||
| No (n = 136) | 27 | (19.9) | 1.0 | 80 | (58.8) | 1.0 | – | |
| Yes (n = 46) | 14 | (30.4) | 1.8 (0.83, 3.76) | 0.14 | 21 | (45.7) | 0.6 (0.30, 1.15) | 0.12 |
Not all numbers add up to the total number of cases per category due to missing data for some variables or the exclusion of susceptible isolates.
The 95% confidence interval (CI) for the odds ratio (OR) is presented; ORs were calculated separately for CIP and TET relative to all other isolates.
The Fisher's Exact Test was used for variables with ≤ 5 in one cell; no ORs could be calculated.
Self-reported race categories in the online Michigan Disease Surveillance System questionnaire were: Caucasian, African American, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Unknown, or Other.
Cattle density was not known for multiple counties with high case counts.