Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants stratified by African region of ancestry.
| Region of African Ancestry |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | East | South | Central | West | p value | |||
| N = 2468 | N = 585 | N = 810 | N = 168 | N = 905 | ||||
| Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 48.1 (9.8) | 49.1 (9.7) | 48.3 (9.9) | 47.8 (10.2) | 47.2 (9.8) | 0.002 | |
| Female sex | n (%) | 1531 (62.0) | 377 (64.4) | 562 (69.4) | 95 (56.5) | 497 (54.9) | <0.001 | |
| Time since HIV diagnosis (years) | Mean (SD) | 14.1 (6.3) | 16.6 (7.2) | 14.9 (5.3) | 14.5 (6.3) | 11.5 (5.6) | <0.001 | |
| Nadir CD4 (cells/mm3) | Median (IQR) | 194 (78–329) | 182 (80–319) | 200 (85–335) | 182 (47–302) | 196 (76–351) | 0.21 | |
| Current CD4 (cells/mm3) | Median (IQR) | 551 (396–719) | 534 (376–706) | 599 (430–763) | 511 (355–645) | 531 (390–705) | <0.001 | |
| HIV viral load (<200 copies/mL) | n (%) | 2302 (93.3) | 553 (94.5) | 766 (94.6) | 152 (90.5) | 831 (91.8) | 0.03 | |
| On ART | n (%) | 2444 (99.0) | 581 (99.3) | 806 (99.5) | 167 (99.4) | 890 (98.3) | 0.07 | |
| Time since ART initiation (years) | median (IQR) | 10.9 (6.4–14.9) | 12.6 (7.5–18.1) | 12.4 (7.5–15.5) | 11.4 (6.9–15.8) | 9 (5.1–12.6) | <0.001 | |
| Mode of HIV acquisition | <0.001 | |||||||
| Heterosexual | n (%) | 2150 (87.1) | 484 (82.7) | 724 (89.4) | 151 (89.9) | 791 (87.4) | ||
| MSM | n (%) | 32 (1.3) | 8 (1.4) | 7 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (1.9) | ||
| Vertical | n (%) | 107 (4.3) | 26 (4.4) | 37 (4.6) | 5 (3.0) | 39 (4.3) | ||
| Blood products | n (%) | 20 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.6) | 12 (1.3) | ||
| Unknown | n (%) | 159 (6.4) | 63 (10.8) | 39 (4.8) | 11 (6.5) | 46 (5.1) | ||
| Prior AIDS | n (%) | 615 (25.7) | 169 (29.9) | 231 (29.2) | 36 (22.0) | 179 (20.5) | <0.001 | |
| HBsAg positive | n (%) | 151 (6.2) | 25 (4.4) | 33 (4.1) | 17 (10.2) | 76 (8.5) | <0.001 | |
| Anti-HCV positive* | n (%) | 30 (1.3) | 4 (0.7) | 9 (1.2) | 7 (4.3) | 10 (1.1) | 0.003 | |
| Diabetes | n (%) | 249 (10.2) | 63 (10.9) | 82 (10.2) | 15 (8.9) | 89 (9.9) | 0.88 | |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 826 (33.5) | 184 (31.6) | 240 (29.7) | 62 (36.9) | 340 (37.6) | 0.003 | |
| Cardiovascular diseaseƗ | n (%) | 109 (4.4) | 26 (4.4) | 32 (4) | 12 (7.2) | 29 (4.3) | 0.32 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean (SD) | 29.5 (6.2) | 29.0 (5.9) | 30.7 (6.4) | 29.7 (5.7) | 29.6 (5.7) | <0.001 | |
| eGFR (60 mL/min/1.73m2⁎⁎) | <0.001 | |||||||
| >90 | n (%) | 1605 (65.0) | 410 (70.1) | 550 (67.9) | 115 (68.5) | 530 (58.6) | ||
| 60–90 | n (%) | 670 (27.1) | 140 (23.9) | 217 (26.8) | 42 (25.0) | 271 (29.9) | ||
| 30–59 | n (%) | 92 (3.7) | 16 (2.7) | 26 (3.2) | 4 (2.4) | 46 (5.1) | ||
| 15–29 | n (%) | 14 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (1.2) | 6 (0.7) | ||
| <15 (Stage 5 CKD⁎⁎⁎) | n (%) | 87 (3.5) | 16 (2.7) | 14 (1.7) | 5 (3.0) | 52 (5.7) | ||
| uPCR^ (mg/mmol) | 0.90 | |||||||
| <15 | n (%) | 1776 (77.9) | 429 (77.6) | 584 (77.8) | 123 (77.9) | 640 (78.1) | ||
| 15–49 | n (%) | 380 (16.7) | 100 (18.1) | 120 (16.0) | 26 (16.5) | 134 (16.4) | ||
| 50–99 | n (%) | 65 (2.9) | 11 (2.0) | 23 (3.1) | 5 (3.2) | 26 (3.2) | ||
| ≥100 | n (%) | 60 (2.6) | 13 (2.4) | 24 (3.2) | 4 (2.5) | 19 (2.3) | ||
ART=antiretroviral therapy; MSM=men who have sex with men; AIDS=acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HBsAg=hepatitis B surface antigen; Anti-HCV=hepatitis C virus antibody; BMI=body mass index; uPCR=urine protein/creatinine ratio; SD=standard deviation; IQR=interquartile range.
There are no missing data for age, sex, mode of HIV acquisition, ART and eGFR; 0.2% of participants lack data for time since HIV diagnosis, 0.3% for current CD4 cell count, 5.5% for nadir CD4 cell count, 8.9% for time since ART initiation, 3% of for prior AIDS, 0.9% for diabetes, 0.2% for hypertension, 1.4% for HBsAg, 2.8% for anti-HCV, and 5% for uPCR (mainly those with stage 5 CKD).
ƗCardiovascular disease = composite of any previous history of myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, heart failure and cardiomyopathy.
Hepatitis C RNA: detectable N = 4, undetectable N = 24, not available N = 2.
estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated with CKD EPI formula with correction of black ethnicity included.
Stage 5 CKD=eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73m2 and those on dialysis for over three months or had a kidney transplant.
uPCR does not include participants with stage 5 CKD (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73m2 and those on dialysis or had a kidney transplant).