. 2021 Jul 8;38:101006. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101006

Table 2.

Factors associated with renal impairment (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m²), n = 193.

	Univariate			Adjusted for age and sex			Adjusted for HIV factors			Adjusted for renal factors
	PR	95% CI	p value	PR	95% CI	p value	PR	95% CI	p value	PR	95% CI	p value
African Region of Ancestry			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
East	1			1			1			1
South	0.89	0.58–1.37	0.59	0.94	0.61–1.44	0.76	0.87	0.54–1.41	0.58	0.90	0.56–1.44	0.67
Central	1.09	0.57–2.11	0.79	1.10	0.58–2.10	0.76	0.85	0.40–1.82	0.68	0.69	0.29–1.68	0.41
West	1.92	1.33–2.78	0.001	2.04	1.12–2.93	<0.001	2.00	1.35–2.96	0.001	2.06	1.40–3.04	<0.001
Age (per 1 year increment)	1.05	1.04–1.07	<0.001	1.05	1.04–1.07	<0.001	1.05	1.03–1.06	<0.001	1.04	1.02–1.06	<0.001
Sex (Female vs. male)	0.62	0.47–0.81	<0.001	0.77	0.53–1.01	0.06	0.97	0.71–1.31	0.83	0.97	0.72–1.32	0.87
Time since HIV diagnosis (5 years increments)	1.05	0.95–1.17	0.31
Nadir CD4 (50 cell/mm³ increment)	0.88	0.8/3–0.93	<0.001				0.94	0.89–0.99	0.03	0.95	0.90–1.00	0.05
Current CD4 (50 cell/mm³ increment)	0.93	0.90–0.97	<0.001				0.96	0.92–1.00	0.06	0.95	0.92–0.99	0.007
On ART	0.62	0.21–1.81	0.38
HIV viral load (<200 copies/mL)	1.09	0.62–1.91	0.77
Mode of HIV Acquisition			0.26
Heterosexual	1
MSM	1.61	0.64–4.07	0.32
Vertical	0.48	0.19–1.27	0.14
Blood products	1.93	0.67–5.54	0.22
Unknown	1.21	0.73–2.01	0.45
Prior AIDS	1.76	1.33–2.32	<0.001				1.66	1.19–2.29	0.003	1.52	1.09–2.11	0.01
HBsAg (positive)	0.96	0.53–1.73	0.89
Anti-HCV (Positive)	3.63	1.97–6.69	<0.001				3.48	1.84–6.57	<0.001	2.97	1.44–6.14	0.003
Diabetes	3.20	2.38–4.30	<0.001							2.15	1.52–3.03	<0.001
Hypertension	16.24	10.40–25.35	<0.001
Cardiovascular disease	3.83	2.71–5.40	<0.001							2.94	1.98–4.35	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)
<18.5	1.64	0.44–6.12	0.46
18.5–24.99	1
25–30	0.82	0.56–1.91	0.30
>=30	0.84	0.59–1.20	0.34

ART=antiretroviral therapy; MSM=men who have sex with men; AIDS=acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HBsAg=hepatitis B surface antigen; Anti-HCV=hepatitis C virus antibody; BMI=body mass index; PR=prevalence ratio; CI=confidence interval.