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. 2021 Jul 12;19:302. doi: 10.1186/s12967-021-02980-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Application of MSCs-exosomes in regenerative medicine. In vivo reports have evidenced the valuable belongings of the MSCs-exosomes, following separation from the parental cell, for treating several disorders, such as lung, kidney, liver, neurodegenerative, cardiac, musculoskeletal diseases, and cutaneous wounds. Inhibition of secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrotic molecules, inhibition of survival and proliferation-related pathways in immune cells, and also improvement of the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors may responsible for MSCs-exosomeselicited desired effects. Micro RNA (miR), Acute liver failure (ALF), C-reactive protein (CRP), Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), Cyclin G (1) (CCNG1), Prolyl-4-hydroxylase α1 (P4HA1), A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5), Extracellular matrix (ECM), Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Nerve growth factor (NGF), Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Arginase 1 (Arg-1), Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF- α), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Acute lung injury (ALI), Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (TLR4/NF-κB), Chronic kidney disease (CKD), Cellular prion protein (PrPC), Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), NACHT, LRR and PYD domains containing protein (NALP3), Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, Cardiomyocytes (CMC), BCL2-antagonist-killer 1 protein (BAK1), Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), Interleukin (IL)