Table 2.
A brief overview of studies based on MSCs-exosomesin CNS-related disorders
| Condition | Sources | Main result | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| MS | BM | Reduction in the mean clinical score of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, attenuated demyelination, reduced neuroinflammation, and promotion of T regulatory cells frequencies by MSCs-exosomes | [159] |
| AD | BM | Boosted learning and memory competencies of APP/PS1 mice by amelioration of synaptic dysfunction and inhibition of inflammatory responses mediated via miR-21 by MSCs-exosomes | [112] |
| AD | BM | Improved learning and memory, suppressed reactive astrogliosis, diminished inflammation and microglial infiltration into the damaged hippocampus concomitant with supported blood–brain barrier integrity by MSCs-exosomesin a murine model | [160] |
| AD | WJ | Protection of hippocampal neurons from damage stimulated by amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) resulting from enzymatically active catalase presented in MSCs-exosomesin vitro | [9] |
| AD | BM | A diminished level of NF-κB by miR-146a secreted from BM-MSCs in vitro | [113] |
| PD | BM | Recovery of dopaminergic neurons, and animal’s behavioral functions in the staircase test in rat models by MSCs-exosomes | [116] |
|
MS ALS |
BM | Modulation of the pro-inflammatory phenotype of activated N9 microglia cells in SOD1G93A mice models by inhibition of TNF- α and IL-1β expression by miR-467f and miR-466-enriched MSCs-exosomes | [161] |
| SCI | BM | Induction of neurogenesis and suppression cell apoptosis in SCI rat models by miR-126-modified MSCs-exosomes | [162] |
| SCI | BM | Hindrance of microglial polarization affecting TLR4/NF-κB/PI3K/AKT signaling cascades by-miR-216a-5p-enriched MSCs-exosomesin vitro | [163] |
| SCI | BM | Inducing the M2-type macrophages in SCI rat models by MSCs-exosomes | [164] |
| SCI | BM | Reduced lesion size and amended functional recovery and also cellular apoptosis and inflammation in the injured spinal cord in murine models by MSCs-exosomes | [165] |
| SCI | BM | Suppression of the migration of pericytes, improvement of the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier via NF-κB p65 signaling in pericytes, attenuated brain cell death, reinforced neuronal survival and regeneration and boosted motor function by MSCs-exosomes | |
| SCI | BM | Inhibition of the apoptosis of neuron cells by inhibition of the expression of PTEN in a rat model by miR-21/miR-19b- enriched MSCs-exosomes | [166] |
Micro RNA (miR), Bone marrow (BM), Wharton’s jelly (WJ), Multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s diseases (AD), Parkinson’s diseases (PD), Spinal cord injury (SCI), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Amyloid precursor protein (APP)/Presenilin-1 (PS1), Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, (NF-κB), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)