Table 3.

The Registered Phase 2/3 Clinical Trials on Compounds with Potential Disease-Modifying Effects on Inflammation

Drug Class/ Compound	Drug in Development	ClinialTrials.gov Identifier	Company	Structure	Targeted Tissue	Mechanism of Action	Route	OA Site	Stage of Development
Anti-IL-1
	Gevokizumab (XOMA-052)	NCT01683396	XOMA (USA)	Immunoglobulin G2, anti-(human interleukin 1beta) (human-Mus musculus XOMA 052 heavy chain), disulfide with human-Mus musculus XOMA 052 kappa-chain, dimer	Inflammation	Neutralizing IL-1β	S/C	Hand	Phase 2 (completed in Feb 2014) (n=91)
		NCT01882491	XOMA (USA)						Phase 2 (completed in Feb 2014) (n=87)
	AMG108	NCT00110942	Amgen (USA)	A fully human, immunoglobulin subclass G2 (IgG2) monoclonal antibody to IL-1R1	Inflammation	Inhibiting IL-1	S/C	Knee	Phase 2 (completed in Nov 2005) (n=160)
	Lutikizumab (ABT-981)	NCT02087904	AbbVie (USA)	A dual variable domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig) of the IgG1/k	Inflammation	Neutralizing IL-1α and IL-1β	S/C	Knee	Phase 2 (completed in Dec 2016) (n=350)
		NCT02384538	AbbVie (USA)				S/C	Hand	Phase 2 (completed in July 2016 (n=132)
	Anakinra	NCT00110916	Amgen Inc	7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethoxyimino)acetyl]amino]-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid	Inflammation	Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist	IA	Knee	Phase 2 (completed in Feb 2005 (n=165)
	Canakinumab	NCT01160822	Novartis (Switzerland)	Immunoglobulin G1, anti-(human interleukin-1beta (IL-12)) human monoclonal ACZ885; (1Glu>Glp)-gamma heavy chain (221–214ʹ)-disulfide with kappa light chain, dimer (227–227ʹ’:230–230ʹ’)-bisdisulfide	Inflammation	Neutralizing IL-1β	IA	Knee	Phase 2 (completed in July 2011) (n=169)
	Diacerein	NCT02688400	TRB Chemedica International SA (Switzerland)	2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid, 4.5-bis(acetyloxy)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo- (9CI)	Inflammation	Inhibiting the production and activity of IL-1	Oral	Knee	Phase 3 (completed in Dec 2019) (n=380)
Anti-IL-6
	Tocilizumab	NCT02477059	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Interleukin-6-Receptor Inhibitor			IV	Hand	Phase 3 (completed in Feb 2019) (n=104)
DNA plasmid with IL10 transgene
	XT-150	NCT04124042	Xalud Therapeutics, Inc.	-	Inflammation	Suppresses proinflammatory cytokine activity	IA	Knee	Phase 2 Recruiting and estimated completed in Feb 2022 (n=270)
Anti-TNF
	Adalimumab	NCT00296894	University Hospital, Ghent	Immunoglobulin G1, anti-(human tumor necrosis factor) (human monoclonal D2E7 heavy chain), disulfide with human monoclonal D2E7 light chain, dimer	Inflammation	Binds specifically to TNF-α and blocks its interaction with endogenous TNF	S/C	Hand	Phase 2 (completed in 2009)
		ACTRN12612000791831	Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd and University of Tasmania						Phase 3 (Completed in Nov 2015) (n=42)
	LY3016859	NCT04456686	Eli Lilly and Company	High-affinity humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody		Antibody that binds to key residues in the C-terminal regions of TGF-α and epiregulin, preventing their binding to the EGFR	IV	Knee	Phase 2 (recruiting and estimated to be completed in Sept 2022) (n=125)
	Etanercept	NTR1192					S/C	Hand	Phase 2 (completed in 2017) (n=90)
	Infliximab	NCT01144143					IA	Knee	Phase 4 (Completed in Jan 2011) (n=16)

Abbreviations: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; TGF, transforming growth factor.