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. 2021 May 28;64(4):473–485. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2020.0258

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Definition of the radiographic parameters. The Cobb angle of thoracic major curve and proximal thoracic curve is 57° and 45°, respectively. Upper end vertebra (UEV) means the upper vertebra that is most tilted from the horizontal apical vertebra. Apical vertebral translation (AVT) means the distance from the CSVL to the mid-point of the apical vertebra. Lower end vertebra (LEV) means the lower vertebra that is most tilted from the horizontal apical vertebra. Last touched vertebra (LTV) means the most proximal vertebra that are touched by the CSVL. Stable vertebra (SV) means the vertebra that are bisected or nearly bisected by the CSVL. Central sacral vertical line (CSVL) means the vertical line that bisects proximal sacrum. UIV : upper instrumented vertebra, LIV : lower instrumented vertebra.