Table 1.
Comparisons of clinical and laboratory variables across classes on day 0
| Variables | Total (n = 1437) | 1 (n = 380) | 2 (n = 115) | 3 (n = 723) | 4 (n = 81) | 5 (n = 138) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 67.00 (54.00, 78.00) | 72.50 (62.00, 82.00) | 65.00 (55.00, 75.50) | 67.00 (55.50, 77.00) | 77.00 (61.00, 84.00) | 42.00 (30.00, 51.00) | < 0.001 |
| Gender, male (%) | 912 (63) | 245 (64) | 71 (62) | 450 (62) | 59 (73) | 87 (63) | 0.425 |
| Weight (kg), median (IQR) | 64.00 (56.00, 70.00) | 64.00 (54.00, 69.00) | 64.00 (58.00, 70.00) | 64.00 (60.00, 71.00) | 62.00 (53.00, 65.00) | 65.00 (60.00, 70.00) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| CRF | 51 ( 4) | 13 (3) | 2 (2) | 27 (4) | 5 (6) | 4 (3) | |
| None | 681 (47) | 162 (43) | 56 (49) | 333 (46) | 35 (43) | 95 (69) | |
| Diabetes | 288 (20) | 76 (20) | 28 (24) | 145 (20) | 18 (22) | 21 (15) | |
| Hypertension | 336 (23) | 99 (26) | 26 (23) | 176 (24) | 20 (25) | 15 (11) | |
| CAD | 81 ( 6) | 30 (8) | 3 (3) | 42 (6) | 3 (4) | 3 (2) | |
| Site of infection, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Abdomen | 544 (38) | 112 (29) | 46 (40) | 332 (46) | 7 (9) | 47 (34) | |
| Thorax | 690 (48) | 226 (59) | 49 (43) | 281 (39) | 70 (86) | 64 (46) | |
| Brain | 13 ( 1) | 6 (2) | 1 (1) | 1 (0) | 1 (1) | 4 (3) | |
| Blood | 36 ( 3) | 8 (2) | 3 (3) | 17 (2) | 3 (4) | 5 (4) | |
| Soft tissue | 50 ( 3) | 7 (2) | 6 (5) | 26 (4) | 0 (0) | 11 (8) | |
| UTI | 104 ( 7) | 21 (6) | 10 (9) | 66 (9) | 0 (0) | 7 (5) | |
| Type, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Medical | 800 (56) | 232 (61) | 67 (58) | 361 (50) | 69 (85) | 71 (51) | |
| Elective surgery | 179 (12) | 52 (14) | 15 (13) | 89 (12) | 3 (4) | 20 (14) | |
| Emergent surgery | 458 (32) | 96 (25) | 33 (29) | 273 (38) | 9 (11) | 47 (34) | |
| Hours on day 0, median (IQR) | 13.00 (9.00, 17.00) | 13.50 (10.00, 17.00) | 12.50 (8.00, 19.00) | 13.00 (9.00, 17.00) | 13.40 (8.00, 18.00) | 14.40 (10.62, 17.88) | 0.119 |
| MV, n (%) | 1227 (85) | 329 (87) | 104 (90) | 600 (83) | 78 (96) | 116 (84) | 0.007 |
| APACHEII, median (IQR) | 22.00 (16.00, 27.00) | 21.00 (14.00, 26.00) | 25.00 (19.00, 30.00) | 22.00 (17.00, 28.00) | 23.00 (17.00, 26.00) | 20.00 (14.00, 24.75) | < 0.001 |
| Use of norepinephrine, n (%) | 1259 (88) | 312 (82) | 108 (94) | 659 (91) | 65 (80) | 115 (83) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum HR (/min), Mean ± SD | 122.25 ± 23.46 | 108.70 ± 21.08 | 133.97 ± 19.78 | 126.72 ± 22.63 | 119.22 ± 22.20 | 128.18 ± 21.39 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 132.00 (113.00, 147.00) | 137.00 (120.00, 150.00) | 128.00 (110.00, 147.50) | 130.00 (110.00, 145.00) | 136.00 (120.00, 150.00) | 130.50 (111.00, 142.75) | 0.001 |
| Minimum SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 87.00 (74.00, 98.00) | 91.00 (77.00, 102.00) | 83.00 (70.00, 98.00) | 86.00 (71.00, 98.00) | 88.00 (74.00, 98.00) | 89.00 (78.00, 98.20) | 0.002 |
| Temperature (℃), median (IQR) | 37.50 (36.90, 38.40) | 37.30 (36.80, 37.80) | 37.40 (36.70, 38.50) | 37.60 (37.00, 38.50) | 37.50 (37.00, 38.20) | 38.50 (37.60, 39.20) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum pH, median (IQR) | 7.35 (7.28, 7.41) | 7.40 (7.37, 7.45) | 7.24 (7.14, 7.31) | 7.32 (7.26, 7.37) | 7.38 (7.30, 7.47) | 7.41 (7.37, 7.45) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum HCO3, median (IQR) | 20.60 (17.00, 23.40) | 23.20 (21.90, 25.70) | 15.30 (11.40, 18.45) | 18.00 (15.60, 20.50) | 34.30 (32.60, 37.50) | 23.10 (21.63, 25.20) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum BE, median (IQR) | − 4.20 (− 7.90, − 0.60) | − 0.70 (− 2.40, 1.60) | − 11.00 (− 14.90, − 6.75) | − 6.90 (− 9.50, − 4.44) | 8.90 (5.00, 12.60) | − 0.80 (− 2.68, 1.00) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum lactate (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 2.70 (1.80, 4.60) | 1.90 (1.40, 2.50) | 11.10 (9.05, 14.25) | 3.40 (2.10, 5.00) | 1.90 (1.40, 2.90) | 2.00 (1.63, 2.98) | < 0.001 |
| Minimum PF, median (IQR) | 199.00 (135.17, 258.00) | 210.00 (160.00, 280.00) | 174.00 (99.50, 219.91) | 187.50 (130.00, 250.00) | 169.00 (117.83, 232.00) | 210.00 (153.32, 297.79) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum PaCO2 (mmHg), median (IQR) | 39.00 (33.00, 46.00) | 40.00 (35.00, 44.05) | 41.00 (31.50, 47.60) | 36.20 (30.25, 44.00) | 60.00 (50.00, 77.00) | 38.00 (33.00, 42.80) | < 0.001 |
| Hb (g/l), median (IQR) | 103.00 (85.00, 124.00) | 97.00 (81.00, 115.00) | 100.00 (85.50, 125.00) | 107.00 (88.00, 126.00) | 107.00 (89.00, 127.00) | 105.50 (87.25, 129.50) | < 0.001 |
| Hct (%), median (IQR) | 29.90 (26.30, 36.10) | 27.90 (26.00, 32.90) | 30.00 (26.30, 36.65) | 31.40 (26.30, 37.25) | 32.00 (26.30, 38.90) | 29.00 (26.30, 36.50) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet (), median (IQR) | 136.00 (81.00, 212.00) | 148.00 (89.75, 214.25) | 107.00 (47.00, 182.00) | 131.00 (75.00, 200.00) | 188.00 (122.00, 267.00) | 146.50 (90.50, 236.75) | < 0.001 |
| RDWCV, median (IQR) | 14.00 (13.00, 16.00) | 14.00 (13.00, 16.00) | 14.00 (13.00, 15.40) | 14.00 (13.00, 15.00) | 14.00 (13.00, 15.00) | 14.00 (13.00, 15.00) | 0.108 |
| Serum creatinine (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 113.60 (71.00, 203.00) | 92.05 (61.86, 134.85) | 175.80 (105.65, 265.48) | 138.00 (87.74, 236.15) | 76.00 (51.80, 121.00) | 79.55 (56.08, 115.84) | < 0.001 |
| Intake volume (mL), median (IQR) | 2866.00 (1900.00, 3976.00) | 2480.00 (1712.00, 3457.25) | 3667.00 (2102.50, 5521.00) | 2962.00 (1926.00, 4045.00) | 2571.00 (1806.15, 3200.50) | 3448.50 (2131.25, 5115.50) | < 0.001 |
| Output volume (mL), median (IQR) | 1440.00 (800.00, 2415.00) | 1450.50 (863.00, 2219.25) | 1360.00 (480.00, 2414.50) | 1320.00 (745.00, 2280.00) | 1314.00 (628.00, 1930.00) | 2537.00 (1410.75, 3545.00) | < 0.001 |
| Urine output (mL), median (IQR) | 970.00 (400.00, 1695.00) | 1150.00 (646.25, 1801.25) | 470.00 (206.00, 1420.00) | 795.00 (320.00, 1422.50) | 950.00 (515.00, 1740.00) | 1835.00 (1092.50, 2990.00) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital LOS, median (IQR) | 19.00 (11.00, 32.00) | 20.50 (12.00, 34.00) | 19.00 (8.00, 36.50) | 18.00 (10.00, 30.00) | 22.00 (14.00, 36.00) | 20.00 (12.00, 34.75) | 0.019 |
| ICU LOS, median (IQR) | 9.00 (5.00, 17.00) | 10.00 (6.00, 21.00) | 9.00 (5.00, 16.00) | 8.00 (5.00, 15.00) | 14.00 (7.00, 23.00) | 10.00 (5.25, 18.75) | < 0.001 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 423 (29) | 120 (32) | 47 (41) | 193 (27) | 34 (42) | 29 (21) | < 0.001 |
Bold significances are shown in the last column (p < 0.001)
All variables were recorded on day 0. LOS length of stay, IQR interquartile range, CRF chronic renal failure, CAD coronary artery diseases, UTI urinary tract infection, HR heart rate, SD standard deviation, ICU intensive care unit, RDWCV red blood cell distribution width, BE base excess, Hct hematocrit