Table 3.
Subject parameters and performance in each total olfaction tertile
| Tertile of total olfaction | Crude | Adjusted for age and sex | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | T1, n = 18 | T2, n = 13 | T3, n = 13 | p | Trend | p | Trend |
| Total olfaction score, mean ± SD | 3.9 ± 2.7 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 10.2 ± 0.8 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Sex, female (%) | 13 (72) | 8 (62) | 9 (69) | .816 | .820 | - | - |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (28) | 6 (46) | 6 (46) | .469 | .281 | - | - |
| Hyperlipemia | 6 (33) | 2 (15) | 4 (31) | .512 | .798 | - | - |
| Hypertension | 4 (22) | 4 (31) | 2 (15) | .644 | .712 | - | - |
| Physical parameters, mean ± SD | |||||||
| Age, years | 73.0 ± 6.2 | 74.4 ± 5.5 | 69.5 ± 4.0 | .069 | .082 | - | - |
| Height, cm | 153.8 ± 8.9 | 151.5 ± 9.7 | 154.2 ± 5.9 | .678 | .889 | .222 | .787 |
| Weight, kg | 54.1 ± 12.6 | 52.9 ± 10.5 | 54.0 ± 10.3 | .951 | .981 | .831 | .650 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.8 ± 4.3 | 22.9 ± 2.8 | 22.7 ± 3.7 | .988 | .907 | .929 | .744 |
| GDS, scorea | 3.1 ± 2.7 | 3.1 ± 2.8 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | .270 | .139 | .421 | .228 |
| Physical performance, mean ± SD | |||||||
| Five times CS, sa | 7.8 ± 2.0 | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | .262 | .163 | .241 | .450 |
| OLS, s | 43.9 ± 34.8 | 41.3 ± 42.2 | 63.9 ± 43.1 | .281 | .173 | .682 | .421 |
| Preferred GS, m/s | 1.26 ± 0.22 | 1.24 ± 0.18 | 1.36 ± 0.19 | .260 | .187 | .404 | .252 |
| Maximal GS, m/s | 1.71 ± 0.25 | 1.76 ± 0.28 | 1.86 ± 0.19 | .222 | .086 | .457 | .220 |
| Cognitive function, mean ± SD | |||||||
| Global cognition, score | 13.8 ± 1.7 | 13.7 ± 1.5 | 14.5 ± 0.8 | .255 | .155 | .682 | .404 |
| WMS-R LM-I, score | 7.4 ± 3.9 | 9.2 ± 4.3 | 10.1 ± 3.9 | .178 | .076 | .220 | .154 |
| TMT-A, sa | 106.3 ± 41.7 | 103.5 ± 36.4 | 76.9 ± 14.5 | .054 | .023 | .250 | .098 |
| TMT-B, sa | 160.1 ± 95.6 | 124.3 ± 39.6 | 106.1 ± 29.5 | .085 | .033 | .112 | .145 |
| Brain atrophy, z-score, mean ± SD | |||||||
| Medial temporal areaa | 0.84 ± 0.35 | 0.79 ± 0.46 | 0.66 ± 0.40 | .459 | .223 | .682 | .533 |
| GM in the whole braina | 3.71 ± 1.65 | 3.78 ± 1.67 | 3.46 ± 1.17 | .850 | .653 | .984 | .873 |
Crude: analysis of variance (ANOVA). Adjusted age and gender: analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
BMI body mass index, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, SD standard deviation, CS chair stand, OLS one leg standing with open eyes, GS gait speed, TMT Trail Making Test, WMS-R LM Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory Immediate, GM gray matter
aLower scores indicate better performance