Table 2.
Cross-tabulations of exposure and probable confounding variables with early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth (n = 2343)
| Variable/Category | Initiation of breastfeedinga | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visit by a peer counselor during prenatal period | Late | Early | < 0.01 |
| No | 611 (37.3) | 1138 (60.8) | |
| Yes | 147 (29.1) | 346 (70.1) | |
| Membership in breastfeeding support groups | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 580 (38.4) | 1032 (59.6) | |
| Yes | 181 (29.0) | 463 (70.1) | |
| Place of residence | 0.03 | ||
| Urban area | 707 (38.1) | 1304 (59.8) | |
| Rural area | 56 (25.3) | 196 (74.8) | |
| Age of mothers in years | < 0.01 | ||
| 15–19 | 52 (32.3) | 119 (65.2) | |
| 20–24 | 214 (37.0) | 402 (61.5) | |
| 25–29 | 193 (33.3) | 426 (65.9) | |
| 30–34 | 197 (41.8) | 303 (56.2) | |
| 35–39 | 65 (24.2) | 170 (72.8) | |
| 40–50 | 40 (32.9) | 75 (65.8) | |
| Monthly income (PhP) | < 0.01 | ||
| 0–3800 | 129 (30.6) | 322 (67.4) | |
| 3801 – 5999 | 110 (27.1) | 287 (72.0) | |
| 6000 – 8999 | 185 (39.4) | 322 (58.8) | |
| 9000 – 15,999 | 152 (34.4) | 311 (64.1) | |
| 16,000+ | 187 (43.2) | 258 (55.0) | |
| Employment status of mother | 0.97 | ||
| Employed | 701 (35.2) | 1392 (63.1) | |
| Unemployed | 62 (35.3) | 108 (63.6) | |
| Employment status of partner | 0.46 | ||
| Employed | 681 (35.6) | 1343 (62.8) | |
| Unemployed | 33 (40.4) | 50 (58.7) | |
| Marital status | 0.20 | ||
| Married/Living together | 712 (35.7) | 1390 (62.6) | |
| Never married/separated/divorced/widowed | 50 (29.7) | 107 (68.5) | |
| Combined variable for civil status and employment status of partner | 0.32 | ||
| Single mother | 50 (29.7) | 107 (68.5) | |
| Has employed partner/spouse | 679 (35.6) | 1339 (62.8) | |
| Has unemployed/partner/spouse | 33 (40.4) | 50 (58.7) | |
| Membership in 4Ps | 0.04 | ||
| No | 614 (36.7) | 1171 (61.5) | |
| Yes | 148 (30.2) | 327 (68.9) | |
| Prenatal care provider | 0.75 | ||
| Doctor/Nurse/Midwife | 741 (35.4) | 1457 (63.1) | |
| None/Traditional Birth Attendant | 20 (32.3) | 37 (63.7) | |
| Mode of delivery | < 0.01 | ||
| Normal | 627 (32.0) | 1446 (66.7) | |
| Caesarean/other | 132 (68.9) | 49 (26.8) | |
| Birth attendant | 0.02 | ||
| Skilled | 606 (37.1) | 1137 (61.0) | |
| Traditional birth attendant/none/self/relatives/underboard midwife | 149 (29.1) | 348 (69.9) | |
| Place of delivery | < 0.01 | ||
| Home-based | 192 (28.5) | 456 (70.6) | |
| Government healthcare facility | 462 (36.7) | 926 (61.8) | |
| Private healthcare facility | 103 (47.9) | 110 (57.9) | |
| Sex of child | 0.72 | ||
| Boy | 381 (34.7) | 763 (63.6) | |
| Girl | 382 (35.8) | 737 (62.7) | |
| Month when prenatal care was first availed (n = 2274) | 0.70b | ||
| Maternal knowledge score (n = 2202) | < 0.01b | ||
| Number of living older siblings (n = 2338) | 0.01b | ||
| Household size (n = 2343) | 0.99b | ||
aHas missing data so frequencies are not equal to 2343 and row percentages are not equal to 100%
bp-value from Wilcoxon rank-sum test