Table 3.
The association between multimorbidity and health spending in China
| Variables (reference) | Total outpatient spending | OOPE for outpatient care |
Total inpatient spending |
OOPE for inpatient care |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |||||
| Multimorbidity (none) | 0.67*** | 0.62 | 0.72 | 0.64*** | 0.59 | 0.68 | 0.73*** | 0.67 | 0.79 | 0.65*** | 0.60 | 0.71 |
| Age (45–59 years) | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.34*** | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.22*** | 0.34 |
| Gender (male) | 0.20*** | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.20*** | 0.15 | 0.25 | −0.07* | − 0.14 | − 0.01 | − 0.05 | − 0.11 | 0.01 |
| Marital status (married) | − 0.01 | − 0.09 | 0.07 | − 0.04 | − 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.04 | − 0.06 | 0.14 | − 0.03 | − 0.12 | 0.06 |
| Education (primary school and below) | ||||||||||||
| Secondary school | −0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.06 | − 0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.05 | − 0.05 | −0.14 | 0.03 | −0.05 | − 0.13 | 0.02 |
| College and above | 0.02 | −0.08 | 0.11 | 0.00 | −0.09 | 0.09 | −0.16** | −0.28 | − 0.04 | −0.16** | − 0.27 | −0.05 |
| Residence place (urban) | 0.09** | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.08** | 0.03 | 0.14 | −0.07 | −0.14 | 0.01 | −0.05 | − 0.12 | 0.02 |
| Region (Class 1, the most affluent) | ||||||||||||
| Class 2 | 0.08 | −0.02 | 0.18 | 0.11* | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.18** | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.17** | 0.06 | 0.28 |
| Class 3 | −0.01 | −0.12 | 0.09 | 0.02 | −0.09 | 0.12 | 0.33*** | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.29*** | 0.17 | 0.41 |
| Class 4 | 0.17*** | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.20*** | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.32*** | 0.21 | 0.43 | 0.28*** | 0.17 | 0.38 |
| Class 5 ((the most deprived) | −0.02 | −0.13 | 0.08 | 0.00 | − 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.35*** | 0.22 | 0.49 | 0.33*** | 0.20 | 0.45 |
| PCE, quartile (Q1, the lowest) | ||||||||||||
| Q2 | 0.10** | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.10** | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.12** | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.11** | 0.04 | 0.19 |
| Q3 | 0.14*** | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.14*** | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.37*** | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.35*** | 0.27 | 0.42 |
| Q4 (the highest) | 0.27*** | 0.20 | 0.34 | 0.26*** | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.61*** | 0.52 | 0.69 | 0.57*** | 0.49 | 0.64 |
| Health insurance(none) | ||||||||||||
| UEBMI | 0.22** | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.07 | −0.06 | 0.20 | 0.48*** | 0.31 | 0.64 | 0.40*** | 0.25 | 0.55 |
| URBMI | 0.13 | −0.01 | 0.28 | 0.11 | −0.02 | 0.25 | 0.22* | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.22*** | 0.06 | 0.38 |
| NCMS | 0.26*** | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.25*** | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.26*** | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.22*** | 0.11 | 0.34 |
| Others | 0.15 | −0.04 | 0.34 | −0.01 | −0.20 | 0.17 | 0.27* | 0.04 | 0.50 | 0.12 | −0.09 | 0.33 |
PCE Per capita household annual consumption expenditure, UEBMI Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance, URBMI Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance, NCMS New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme; Others, government healthcare, private medical insurance and so on; ***P < 0;001, **P < 0;01, *P < 0;05 significance test