Table 3.

Multivariable associations of potential associated factors with physical, psychological and social frailty (n = 2289)

	Physical frailty (n = 1243 yes)		Psychological frailty (n = 896 yes)		Social frailty (3 items, cutoff = 2) (n = 673 yes)
	OR (95%CI)	P-value	OR (95%CI)	P-value	OR (95%CI)	P-value
Age (years)	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	< 0.001	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.408	1.02 (0.10–1.04)	0.143
Sex (female vs. male)	2.17 (1.73–2.72)	< 0.001	1.83 (1.47–2.29)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.70–1.20)	0.507
Country		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Spain vs. the Netherlands	1.40 (0.98–1.99)	0.067	1.93 (1.34–2.78)	< 0.001	0.53 (0.35–0.81)	0.004
Greece vs. the Netherlands	2.20 (1.48–3.28)	< 0.001	5.35 (3.59–7.95)	< 0.001	1.84 (1.17–2.90)	0.009
Croatia vs. the Netherlands	3.19 (2.24–4.54)	< 0.001	3.92 (2.79–5.51)	< 0.001	1.33 (0.91–1.94)	0.148
United Kingdom vs. the Netherlands	1.10 (0.80–1.51)	0.558	1.22 (0.87–1.71)	0.244	0.52 (0.37–0.75)	< 0.001
Migration background (yes vs. no)	1.05 (0.72–1.54)	0.792	0.98 (0.69–1.41)	0.922	0.88 (0.57–1.34)	0.550
Education level		< 0.001		0.010		0.037
Secondary or equivalent vs. primary or less	2.12 (1.42–3.17)	< 0.001	1.85 (1.24–2.78)	0.003	1.09 (0.68–1.75)	0.714
Tertiary or higher vs. primary or less	1.38 (0.96–1.99)	0.086	1.43 (0.98–2.07)	0.063	0.72 (0.47–1.11)	0.135
Household composition (living alone vs. living with others)	0.80 (0.64–0.10)	0.048	0.90 (0.72–1.12)	0.334	15.54 (11.81–20.44)	< 0.001
Alcohol risk (yes vs. no)	0.67 (0.54–0.84)	0.001	0.85 (0.67–1.07)	0.158	1.00 (0.76–1.31)	0.971
Physical activity (once a week or less vs. more than once a week)	3.58 (2.81–4.57)	< 0.001	2.02 (1.63–2.50)	< 0.001	1.51 (1.17–2.00)	0.002
Smoking (yes vs. no)	1.45 (0.99–2.11)	0.055	0.92 (0.63–1.34)	0.669	0.87 (0.57–1.35)	0.541
Multi-morbidity (yes vs. no)	2.09 (1.41–3.08)	< 0.001	1.32 (0.90–1.92)	0.155	1.75 (1.06–2.88)	0.028
Medication risk (MRQ-10; scores)	1.35 (1.26–1.44)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.08–1.22)	< 0.001	1.1 (1.03–1.19)	0.005
Malnutrition (SNAQ-65+; yes vs. no)	2.53 (1.86–3.43)	< 0.001	1.76 (1.35–2.29)	< 0.001	1.21 (0.89–1.66)	0.226

Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MRQ-10 10 items of the Medication risk questionnaire, SNAQ-65+ Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire 65 +

Significant ORs and P-values (< 0.05) in bold

Multivariable models were used to analysis the associations between potential associated factors with physical, psychological and social frailty

All factors (e.g. demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and health indicators) were included in each model

Nagelkerke R₂² = 0.32 (physical frailty); Nagelkerke R₃² = 0.21 (psychological frailty), Nagelkerke R₄² = 0.39 (social frailty)