Table 2.

Summarized studies investigating the role of Zn-loaded scaffolds on M$\phi$'s biological behavior for bone tissue

M$\phi$s origin	Type of Zn loaded scaffolds	Effect on M$\phi$s	Functions	Reference(s)
RAW264.7	Zn-decorated Ti surfaces	Inhibit adhesion and proliferation; induce M2 states	Osseointegration	[28]
RAW 264.7	Zn-incorporated TiO2 Nanotube	Promote M2 markers; Moderately inhibit M1 markers	Bone formation	[29]
In vivoa	Zn loaded silica-nanofibrous polymers	Attain the lower ratio M1/M2	Bone regeneration	[30]
RAW264.7	Zn-containing tricalcium phosphate	Induce proliferation and osteoclastogenesis	Bone regeneration	[57]
RAW 264.7	Zn-modified sulfonated polyetheretherketone	Polarize M$\phi$ to an anti-inflammatory phenotype	Bone regeneration	[80]
THP-1	Zn-doped porous microcrystalline bioactive glass	Induce sequential M1-to-M2 transition	Bone regeneration	[81]
RAW264.7	ZnCl2-doped sol–gel coating	Induce anti-inflammatory markers; reduce inflammatory markers	Bone regeneration	[82]

Zn zinc, M$\phi$ macrophage

^aM$\phi$ in New Zealand white rabbits