TABLE 1.

Different mechanisms of cancer cells to block or suppress PCD

Cancer type	Targeted PCD	Mechanism of suppression	Reference
Colorectal, breast, lung	Apoptosis	MOMP impairment and cytochrome c inactivation	[69]
Lymphoma, colorectal, breast, ovarian, prostate, lung	Apoptosis	Overexpression of Bcl‐2 anti‐apoptotic members	[67]
Colorectal, gastric, breast	Apoptosis/pyroptosis	Low expression of NLRs	[77]
Myeloma, glioma, gastric, breast, ovarian, prostate	Apoptosis	Overexpression of G1P3	[74, 75, 76]
Non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma	Necroptosis	Low expression of CALR	[105]
Breast carcinoma	Necroptosis	Low expression of HMGB1	[106]
Leukaemia, colorectal, breast	Necroptosis	Low expression of RIPK3	[107, 108, 109]
Gastric	Pyroptosis	Low expression of GSDMD	[118]
Melanoma	Pyroptosis	Low expression of GSDME	[120]
Breast, ovarian, prostate	Autophagic cell death	Low Beclin 1 expression	[135]
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric	Autophagic cell death	Upregulation of G9a	[138, 139]

Abbreviations: Bcl‐2, B‐cell lymphoma 2; Beclin 1, an autophagy‐related protein; CALR, calreticulin; G1P3, an IFN‐stimulated product; G9a, a histone methyltransferase;GSDMD/E, Gasdermin D/E; HMGB1, high‐mobility group box 1; MOMP, Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization; NLRs, Nod‐like receptors; RIPK3, receptor‐interacting protein kinase 3.