TABLE 4.
Association of Resident and Facility Characteristics With Person-Centered Care Approaches for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
| Resistiveness to Care (N = 244) | Agitation (N = 229) | Aggression (N = 228) | Wandering (N = 211) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | OR | B (SE) | OR | B (SE) | OR | B (SE) | OR | |
| Level 1–Resident Characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | −0.002 (0.02) | —a | 0.003 (0.03) | — | 0.02 (0.02) | — | −0.01 (0.02) | — |
| Gender (1 = female) | −0.08 (0.33) | — | −0.31 (0.44) | — | 0.00 (0.39) | — | 0.31 (0.37) | — |
| Length of stay | 0.00 (0.00) | — | 0.00 (0.00) | — | 0.00 (0.00) | — | 0.00 (0.00) | — |
| Cognitive ability | −0.04 (0.05) | — | −0.02 (0.06) | — | 0.03 (0.06) | — | −0.02 (0.05) | — |
| Functional ability | −0.002 (0.01) | — | 0.003 (0.01) | — | −0.01 (0.004)* | 0.99 | 0.002 (0.01) | — |
| Level 2–Facility Characteristics | ||||||||
| Profit status (1 = for profit) | −1.49 (0.60)* | 0.23 | −0.71 (0.69) | — | −1.11 (0.76) | — | −1.48 (0.74)* | 0.23 |
| % of residents taking antipsychotics | 0.08 (0.07) | — | 0.18 (0.09)* | 1.20 | 0.24 (0.09)** | 1.27 | 0.11 (0.08) | — |
| CNA staffing hours | −0.05 (0.01)*** | 0.96 | 0.001 (0.02) | — | −0.02 (0.02) | — | −0.02 (0.02) | — |
| Intercept | 7.54 (2.69)** | −1.31 (3.94) | −0.34 (3.58) | 3.62 (3.28) | ||||
| Random effect (intercept) | 1.86 (0.78)* | 3.43 (1.21)** | 4.20 (1.46)** | 4.26 (1.47)** | ||||
| Model characteristics | ||||||||
| AIC | 1199.81 | 1139.61 | 180.41 | 1068.03 | ||||
| % correctly classified | 82.6 | 88.4 | 88.5 | 90.9 | ||||
| Apathy (N = 210) | Disruptive Vocalization (N = 198) | Repetitive Behavior (N = 95) | Sexually Inappropriate Behavior (N = 89) | |||||
| B (SE) | OR | B (SE) | OR | B (SE) | OR | B (SE) | OR | |
| Level 1–Resident Characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | 0.01 (0.02) | — | −0.04 (0.02)* | 0.97 | −0.05 (0.04) | — | 0.002 (0.04) | — |
| Gender (1 = female) | 0.03 (0.46) | — | −0.28 (0.38) | — | −1.15 (0.66) | — | −2.16 (0.69)** | 0.12 |
| Length of stay | 0.001 (0.00)** | 1.001 | 0.00 (0.00) | — | 0.00 (0.00) | — | 0.00 (0.00)* | 1.00 |
| Cognitive ability | 0.05 (0.07) | — | −0.07 (0.05) | — | −0.18 (0.08)* | 0.84 | 0.09 (0.10) | — |
| Functional ability | −0.01 (0.01) | — | −0.001 (0.01) | — | 0.01 (0.01) | — | 0.02 (0.01)* | 0.98 |
| Level 2 – Facility Characteristics | ||||||||
| Profit status (1 = for profit) | −1.31 (0.91) | — | −1.71 (0.93) | — | −4.28 (1.10)*** | 0.01 | −1.02 (1.31) | — |
| % of residents taking antipsychotics | 0.23 (0.11)* | 1.25 | 0.09 (0.10) | — | 0.26 (0.13) | — | 0.25 (0.11)* | 1.28 |
| CNA staffing hours | −0.03 (0.02) | — | −0.01 (0.02) | — | −0.04 (0.02) | — | −0.02 (0.03) | — |
| Intercept | 1.62 (3.13) | 5.92 (4.15) | 9.11 (4.67) | −0.85 (5.65) | ||||
| Random effect (intercept) | 5.94 (2.18)** | 5.88 (2.17)** | 2.63 (2.04) | 5.30 (3.03) | ||||
| Model characteristics | ||||||||
| AIC | 1126.58 | 1031.90 | 592.88 | 555.49 | ||||
| % correctly classified | 90.3 | 90.8 | 92.6 | 97.8 | ||||
Note. SE = standard error; OR = odds ratio; CNA = certified nursing assistant; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion. Models also tested effects of marital status, race, education, overall star rating, number of beds, and number of RN hours, but these characteristics were not significant and were dropped from final models.
a
Only significant ORs are reported.
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.