TABLE 4.
Showing tested antiviral drugs against CHIKV.
| Antivirals | Target | Assay type | References |
| Global initiatives | |||
| 6-Azauridine | Inhibition of orotidine monophosphate decarboxylse enzyme | In vitro (vero cells) | Briolant et al. (2004) |
| Chloroquine | Inhibition of fusion of the viral E1 protein with endosomal membrane by raising the endosomal pH |
In vitro (vero cells) and in vivo (macaque models) Clinical trials in CHIKV infected Humans |
Roques et al. (2018) |
| Furin inhibitors | Inhibition of virus maturation via inhibition of cellular furins | In vitro (Human muscle satellite cells) | Ozden et al. (2008) |
| Oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS-3) | Inhibits CHIKV replication through RNase L dependant pathway | In vitro (HeLa cells) | Brehin et al. (2009) |
| Arbidol | Inhibits CHIKV replication through single amino acid substitution | In vitro (vero cells) | Delogu et al. (2011) |
| 5,7-Dihydroxyflavones | Unidentified target and mechanism of action | In vitro (BHK replicon cell line) | Pohjala et al. (2011) |
| Prostratin and TPA | Activation of protein kinase C | In vitro (vero cells) | Bourjot et al. (2012) |
| Polyinosinic acid | Stimulation of IFN-α and β and antiviral genes | In vitro (BEAS-2B cells) | Li et al. (2012) |
| Viperin | Targets endoplasmic reticulum | In vivo (monocytes) | Teng et al. (2012) |
| Resazurin | Inhibition of kinases involved in apoptosis | In vitro (HuH-7 cells) | Cruz et al. (2013) |
| Monoclonal antibody C9 | Interaction with CHIKV E2 glycoproteins |
In vitro (vero cells) In vivo (C57/BL6 mice) |
Selvarajah et al. (2013) |
| Favipiravir | Inhibition of viral genome replication |
In vitro (vero cells) In vivo (AG129 mice) |
Delang et al. (2014) |
| RIG-1 agonists | Stimulation of immune response | In vitro (MRC-5 cells) | Olagnier et al. (2014) |
| Suramin | Inhibition of CHIKV RNA synthesis | In vitro (BHK-21, and Vero-E6 cells) | Albulescu et al. (2015) |
| Ribavirin | Inhibition of viral genome replication via GTP pool depletion |
In vitro (vero cells) In vivo (ICR mice) |
Rothan et al. (2015) |
| Flavaglines | Interference with the binding of CHIKV Prohibitin-1 | In vitro (HEK-293T cells) | Wintachai et al. (2015) |
| Benzouracil-Coumarin-Arene conjugates | Unidentified target and mechanism of action | In vitro (vero A cells) | Hwu et al. (2015) |
| Mefenamic acid in combination with ribavirin | Inhibition of viral replication |
In vitro (vero cells) In vivo (ICR mice) |
Rothan et al. (2016) |
| Imipramine | Inhibition of viral replication | In vitro (vero and HFF1 cells) | Wichit et al. (2017) |
| Curcumin | Inhibition of viral binding at the cell surface | In vitro (HeLa, BHK-21, and Vero-E6 cells) | Mounce et al. (2017) |
| Chloroquine | Inhibition of viral replication | In vitro (primary macrophages and fibroblasts cells) in vivo (cynomolgus macaques) | Roques et al. (2018) |
| Indian initiatives | |||
| Ribavirin | Inhibition of viral genome replication | Clinical trials in CHIKV infected Humans | Ravichandran and Manian (2008) |
| Aceclofenac in combination with hydroxychloroquine and prednisolone | inhibition of synthesis of prostaglandins and having chondroprotective effect | Humans | Padmakumar et al. (2009) |
| Chloroquine | Inhibition of fusion of the viral E1 protein with endosomal membrane by raising the endosomal pH | In vitro (vero cells) | Khan et al. (2010), Chopra et al. (2014) |
| Mycophenolic acid (MPA) | Depletion of intracellular guanosine pool | In vitro (vero cells) | Khan et al. (2011) |
| Si-RNAs | Inhibition of protein synthesis by targeting nsp1 and E2 | In vivo (swiss albino and C57/BL6 mice) | Parashar et al. (2013) |
| HSP-90 inhibitors (HS-10 and SNX-2112) | Interaction with CHIKV nsp3 and nsp4 |
In vitro (HEK-293T cells) In vivo (SvA129 mice) |
Rathore et al. (2014) |
| Thiazolidine derivative | Inhibition of CHIKV nsp2 protease activity | In vitro (vero cells) | Jadav et al. (2015) |