Table 3.
Biomarkers of exposure and potential harm
| Biomarker | Matrix/physical test | Biomarker/parameter | Group | N | Geometric LS mean [95% CI] | Geometric LS mean ratio (%) [95% CI] | Geometric LS mean ratio (%) [95% CI] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (NTV/CC or NS/CC) | p value1 | (NTV/NS) | p value1 | ||||||
| BoE2 | Blood | Plasma cotinine | CC | 100 | 193 [147, 254] | ||||
| (ng/mL) | NTV | 259 | 52.3 [43.1, 63.4] | 27.0 [ 19.3, 37.8] | <.0001 | 10261.8 [7340.4, 14345.8] | <.0001 | ||
| NS | 100 | 0.51 [0.39, 0.67] | 0.3 [0.2, 0.4] | <.0001 | |||||
| Urine | Total NNAL | CC | 100 | 93.0 [75.5, 115] | |||||
| (ng/g . Cr) | NTV | 259 | 5.34 [4.61, 6.20] | 5.7 [4.4, 7.4] | <.0001 | 207.1 [160.3, 267.6] | <.0001 | ||
| NS | 100 | 2.58 [2.09, 3.18] | 2.8 [2.1, 3.7] | <.0001 | |||||
| BoPH3 | Blood | Total cholesterol | CC | 100 | 207.5 [199.9, 215.4] | ||||
| (mg/dL) | NTV | 259 | 209.6 [204.3, 215.1] | 101.0 [96.6, 105.7] | .655 | 103.3[98.8, 108.1] | .156 | ||
| NS | 100 | 202.9 [195.5, 210.6] | 97.8 [92.8, 103.1] | .402 | |||||
| LDL-C | CC | 100 | 124 [116.9, 131.6] | ||||||
| (mg/dL) | NTV | 259 | 124.6 [119.6, 129.8] | 100.4 [93.5, 107.9] | .903 | 103.8 [96.6, 111.6] | .311 | ||
| NS | 100 | 120 [113.1, 127.3] | 96.8 [89.0, 105.2] | .442 | |||||
| HDL-C | CC | 100 | 52.9 [50.3, 55.7] | ||||||
| (mg/dL) | NTV | 259 | 60.3 [58.2, 62.5] | 113.9 [107.0, 121.3] | <.0001 | 101.1 [95.0, 107.7] | .725 | ||
| NS | 100 | 59.6 [56.6, 62.8] | 112.7 [104.7, 121.2] | .0015 | |||||
| Triglyceride | CC | 100 | 116.7 [103.8, 131.2] | ||||||
| (mg/dL) | NTV | 259 | 90.1 [83.1, 97.7] | 77.2 [67.0, 89.1] | .0004 | 103.6 [89.9, 119.5] | .623 | ||
| NS | 100 | 87 [77.3, 97.8] | 74.5 [63.1, 88.0] | .0005 | |||||
| sICAM-1 | CC | 100 | 463.6 [438.2, 490.5] | ||||||
| (ng/mL) | NTV | 259 | 405.9 [390.4, 422] | 87.6 [81.8, 93.8] | .0002 | 105.0 [98.0, 112.5] | .162 | ||
| NS | 100 | 386.5 [365.3, 409] | 83.4 [77.0, 90.3] | <0.0001 | |||||
| WBC count | CC | 100 | 6635 [6301, 6987] | ||||||
| (/μL) | NTV | 259 | 5454 [5263, 5652] | 82.2 [77.2, 87.5] | <.0001 | 101.4 [95.2, 108.0] | .664 | ||
| NS | 100 | 5378 [5107, 5664] | 81.1 [75.3, 87.2] | <.0001 | |||||
| Urine | 11-DHTXB2 | CC | 100 | 867.98 [778.76, 967.41] | |||||
| (ng/g . Cr) | NTV | 259 | 655.60 [608.28, 706.58] | 75.5 [66.2, 86.2] | <.0001 | 112.0 [98.2, 127.8] | .0916 | ||
| NS | 100 | 585.20 [524.89, 652.43] | 67.4 [57.8, 78.6] | <.0001 | |||||
| 2,3-d-TXB2 | CC | 100 | 438.39 [387.24, 496.29] | ||||||
| (ng/g . Cr) | NTV | 259 | 287.78 [264.15, 313.52] | 65.6 [56.5, 76.3] | <.0001 | 118.1 [101.5, 137.3] | .0312 | ||
| NS | 100 | 243.74 [215.23, 276.03] | 55.6 [46.6, 66.3] | <.0001 | |||||
| 8-epi-PGF2α | CC | 100 | 232.20 [213.20, 252.89] | ||||||
| (ng/g . Cr) | NTV | 259 | 181.98 [171.56, 193.02] | 78.4 [70.6, 86.9] | <.0001 | 110.3 [99.4, 122.4] | .0646 | ||
| NS | 100 | 165.00 [151.46, 179.74] | 71.1 [63.0, 80.2] | <.0001 | |||||
| BoPH3 | Lung function | FVC | CC | 99 | 3.523 [3.412, 3.638] | ||||
| (L) | NTV | 259 | 3.62 [3.541, 3.701] | 102.8 [98.8, 106.8] | .169 | 96.5 [92.8, 100.3] | .0688 | ||
| NS | 100 | 3.754 [3.635, 3.876] | 106.5 [101.8, 111.5] | .0062 | |||||
| %FVC | CC | 99 | 108.42 [105.37, 111.56] | ||||||
| (%) | NTV | 259 | 111.97 [109.79, 114.19] | 103.3 [99.8, 106.9] | .0688 | 97.1 [93.8, 100.5] | .0933 | ||
| NS | 100 | 115.34 [112.09, 118.68] | 106.4 [102.2, 110.8] | .0028 | |||||
| FEV1 | CC | 99 | 2.858 [2.771, 2.949] | ||||||
| (L) | NTV | 259 | 2.977 [2.914, 3.041] | 104.1 [100.3, 108.2] | .0355 | 95.8 [92.2, 99.5] | .0261 | ||
| NS | 100 | 3.108 [3.012, 3.206] | 108.7 [104.0, 113.6] | .0002 | |||||
| %FEV1 | CC | 99 | 98.89 [96.26, 101.59] | ||||||
| (%) | NTV | 259 | 103.79 [101.88, 105.73] | 105.0 [101.6, 108.4] | .0039 | 96.7 [93.6, 99.9] | .0439 | ||
| NS | 100 | 107.34 [104.49, 110.28] | 108.5[104.5, 112.8] | <.0001 | |||||
| FEV1% | CC | 99 | 81.136 [79.793, 82.502] | ||||||
| (%) | NTV | 259 | 82.225 [81.285, 83.176] | 101.3 [99.3, 103.4] | .1967 | 99.3 [97.3, 101.3] | .506 | ||
| NS | 100 | 82.792 [81.421, 84.186] | 102.0 [99.7, 104.5] | .0933 | |||||
| FEF25-75 | CC | 99 | 2.879 [2.698, 3.072] | ||||||
| (L/s) | NTV | 259 | 3.134 [2.997, 3.277] | 108.9 [100.6, 117.8] | .0345 | 95.5 [88.3, 103.4] | .254 | ||
| NS | 100 | 3.281 [3.075, 3.501] | 114.0 [104.0, 124.9] | .0053 | |||||
| PEF | CC | 99 | 7.51 [7.185, 7.85] | ||||||
| (L/s) | NTV | 259 | 7.884 [7.647, 8.128] | 105.0 [99.5, 110.8] | .0768 | 98.6 [93.4, 104.1] | .607 | ||
| NS | 100 | 7.996 [7.649, 8.358] | 106.5 [100.0, 113.4] | .0501 |
BoE = biomarkers of exposure; BoPH = biomarkers of potential harm; CC = conventional cigarette; FEF = maximum midexpiratory flow; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC = forced vital capacity; HDL-C = High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NNAL = 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; NS = never-smokers; NTV = novel tobacco vapor; PEF = peak expiratory flow; sICAM-1 = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; 11-DHTXB2 = 11-dehydrothromboxane B2; 2,3-d-TXB2 = 2,3-dinor thromboxane B2.
1 p-value for comparison between groups from ANCOVA.
2 The ANCOVA model included group, group*site interaction and site as covariates.
3 The ANCOVA model included group, group*age interaction, group*gender interaction, group*BMI interaction, group*site interaction and covariates for age, gender, BMI, and site.