Table 2.

Possible iPSC derived models for lung disease

Model	Species	Model usage	Benefits	Limitations	References
Organoid	Human	Lung structural development	Multiple cell types, spatially organized 3D system	Unsuitable for specific pathway analysis. No air interface	Dye et al. (2015), Wilkinson et al. (2018) and Chen et al. (2017)
Air liquid Interface	Human mouse	Epithelial barrier formation and function	Physiologically relevant air interfacing system, high throughput potential, TEER measurement	No presence of mesenchymal niche cells	Firth et al. (2014), Wong et al. (2012) and Hawkins et al. (2017)
Transplant	Human mouse	Cell engraftment and in vivo regeneration	Study engraftment potential of cell-based therapy, In vivo niche	Long-term human studies lacking, immune suppression	Shafa et al. (2018) and Okuyama et al. (2019)
Spheroid	Human mouse	Cellular and structural modelling, functional assays	Suitable for stringent pathway analysis, functional swelling	No air interface, usually lacks niche cells	Konishi et al. (2016), Gotoh et al. (2014), Dye et al. (2015) and Jacob et al. (2017)

TEER Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance