| Breast cancer |
10 μM |
Increase in membrane permeability |
MCF-7 |
[112] |
|
> 2 μM |
Suppression of YAP signaling |
MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 |
[70] |
|
≥6 μM |
Inhibition of KSP/Eg5 |
MCF-7mp53, MDA-MB-231 |
[76] |
| Colorectal cancer |
3–10 μM (IC50) |
SIRT1 inhibition |
HCT116 LoVo |
[93] |
|
5–7 μM (IC50) |
Inhibition of KSP/Eg5 |
HCT116 |
[75] |
| Brain tumor |
4.5 μM (IC50) |
Destabilization of REST-mSin3 interaction |
DAOY (medulloblastoma) |
[59] |
|
13 μM (IC50) |
COX4-1 inhibition |
TMZ-resistant U251 (glioblastoma) |
[82] |
|
20–40 μM |
Upregulation of the JNK(ERK1/2)/Elk-1/Egr-1/p21 pathway |
C6 (glioma) |
[86] |
|
>20 μM |
Inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway |
PTEN and U-87MG glioma cells |
[96] |
|
≥6 μM |
Inhibition of KSP/Eg5 |
T98G (glioblastoma) |
[76] |
|
Not known |
Not known |
RG2 (rat glioblastoma) |
[151] |
| Skin cancer |
36.6 μM (IC50) |
Not known |
B16 mouse melanoma |
[149, 150] |
|
12–19 mg/kg/day (drug dose used in mouse model) |
Not known |
Harding-Passey Melanoma mouse melanoma |
[150] |
| Leukemia |
12.04 μmol/l (IC50) |
Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase and decreased ATP production |
K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia) |
[43] |
|
11.19 μmol/l (IC50) |
Same as above |
BALL-1 (B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia) |
[43] |
|
6.57 μmol/l (IC50) |
Same as above |
MOLT-4 (T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia) |
[43] |
|
11.81 μmol/l (IC50) |
Same as above |
CCRF-HSB-2 (T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia) |
[43] |
|
12.33 μmol/l (IC50) |
Same as above |
HPB-ALL (T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia) |
[43] |
|
6.940 μM (IC50) |
Suppressed mutant RTK activity via CALM inhibition |
Ba/F3/FLT3 ITD (modified murine pro-B cell line) |
[147] |
|
6.942 μM (IC50) |
Same as above |
Ba/F3/ KIT D814V (modified mouse pro-B cell line) |
[147] |
| Lymphoma |
6.95 μmol/l (IC50) |
Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase and decreased ATP production |
Raji (Burkitt’s lymphoma) |
[43] |
|
14.89 μmol/l (IC50) |
Same as above |
Daudi (Burkitt’s lymphoma) |
[43] |
| Lung cancer |
10 μM |
lysosomal dysfunction |
H69, H82, H592 and U-1285 (small cell lung carcinoma cell lines) |
[106] |
| Sarcoma |
25 μM (IC50) |
Inhibition of DNA synthesis |
Meth A cells |
[42] |
|
10–15 μM (IC50) |
Suppressed IGF1R internalization |
A673, A4573, TC71 cells (ES cells) |
[92] |
| Mastocytoma |
~ 7 μM (IC50) |
DNA fragmentation |
PY815 (mouse mast cells) |
[44] |
| Pancreatic cancer |
25 μM |
Dislodging K-Ras from plasma membrane |
PANC-1 (pancreatic carcinoma) |
[114] |
| Lung cancer |
CPZ + pentamidine |
Inhibition of KSP/Eg5 |
A549 (NSCLC) |
[75] |
| Oral cancer |
26.65 ± 1.1 μM (IC50) |
Inhibition of Akt and mTOR phosphorylation |
HSC-3 |
[45] |
|
23.49 ± 1.26 μM (IC50) |
Same as above |
Ca9-22 |
[45] |
