Table 3.
Summary of studies identifying risk factors or predictors of AKI among dengue patients
| Reference | Population age (years) | AKI incidence N (%) | Risk factors/predictors | Adjusted OR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laoprasopwattana et al.7 | < 15 | 25/2,893 (0.9) | DSS | 16.9 (4.2–68.5) | < 0.01 |
| Obesity | 6.3 (1.4–28.8) | < 0.01 | |||
| Basu and Roy29 | < 14 | 13/97 (13.4) | DHF/DSS | – | – |
| Age < 5 yo | |||||
| Lee et al.17 | > 18 | 10/304 (3.3) | DSS | 220.0 (19.80–2,443.89) | < 0.001 |
| Mehra et al.26 | All ages | 24/223 (10.8) | Elevated ALT and ALP | – | – |
| Hypoalbuminemia | |||||
| Metabolic acidosis | |||||
| Coexisting viral hepatitis | |||||
| Sepsis | |||||
| MODS | |||||
| Inotropic drug use | |||||
| Mallhi et al.8 | ≥ 12 | 95/667 (14.2) | Male | 2.7 (1.25–5.99) | 0.012 |
| DHF | 8.0 (3.64–17.59) | < 0.001 | |||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 7.9 (3.04–20.49) | < 0.001 | |||
| MODS | 17.9 (9.14–35.12) | < 0.001 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 4.7 (1.12–19.86) | 0.034 | |||
| Late hospitalization | 2.1 (1.06–4.13) | 0.033 | |||
| Nephrotoxic drug use | 2.9 (1.34–6.11) | 0.006 | |||
| Khalil et al.20 | > 14 | 71/532 (13.3) | Male | 4.43 (1.92–10.23) | < 0.001 |
| DHF/DSS | 2.14 (1.06–4.32) | 0.03 | |||
| Neurological involvement | 12.08 (2.82–51.77) | 0.001 | |||
| Prolonged aPTT | 1.81 (1.00–3.26) | 0.04 | |||
| Diptyanusa et al.22 | ≥ 18 | 71/1,484 (4.8) | Older age | 1.30 (1.03–1.64) | 0.027 |
| Male | 3.49 (1.75–6.95) | < 0.001 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.89 (1.05–7.93) | 0.039 | |||
| Obesity | 1.94 (1.00–3.77) | 0.049 | |||
| Severe dengue | 5.45 (2.47–12.04) | < 0.001 | |||
| Coexisting bacterial infection | 6.15 (2.57–14.74) | < 0.001 | |||
| Patel et al.49 | > 14 | 90/620 (16.4) | Male | 2.9 (1.28–5.89) | 0.015 |
| DHF | 7.9 (3.69–18.60) | < 0.001 | |||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 8.2 (3.14–21.52) | < 0.001 | |||
| MODS | 18.2 (9.24–36.24) | < 0.001 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 4.8 (1.15–18.97) | 0.051 | |||
| Delayed hospitalization | 2.2 (1.07–4.23) | 0.032 | |||
| Nephrotoxic drug use | 2.86 (1.36–6.22) | 0.005 |
AKI = acute kidney injury; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; DHF = dengue hemorrhagic fever; DSS = dengue shock syndrome; MODS = multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; OR = odds ratio.