Table 2.
Clinical parameters and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 cohort
| Characteristics | Overall cohort (N = 60) | ICU nonsurvivors (n = 12) | ICU survivors (n = 48) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical parameters | ||||
| SOFA score at ICU admission | 7.6 ± 5.24 | 13.17 ± 3.35 | 6.21 ± 4.69 | < 0.001* |
| Maximum SOFA score | 11.18 ± 5.14 | 17.25 ± 2.22 | 9.67 ± 4.51 | < 0.001* |
| COVID-GRAM score at ICU admission | 129.21 ± 35.73 | 174.62 ± 34.2 | 117.85 ± 25.9 | < 0.001* |
| ARDS severity at ICU admission | ||||
| Mild (200 < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg) | 40 (66.7%) | 0 (0%) | 40 (83.3%) | < 0.001* |
| Moderate (100 < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mm Hg) | 3 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (6.3%) | NA |
| Severe (PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 100 mm Hg) | 17 (28.3%) | 12 (100%) | 5 (10.4%) | < 0.001* |
| Laboratory findings at ICU admission | ||||
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.62 ± 1.84 | 4.14 ± 2.82 | 0.99 ± 0.61 | 0.003* |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio (mm Hg) | 115.9 ± 92.65 | 92.67 ± 9.07 | 134.21 ± 81.63 | 0.025 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | 12.62 ± 4.87 | 18.17 ± 3.82 | 11.24 ± 4.07 | < 0.001* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.26 ± 1.22 | 2.65 ± 1.29 | 2.04 ± 1.17 | 0.096 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.78 ± 2.3 | 10.95 ± 2.8 | 10.35 ± 2.2 | 0.849 |
| LDH (U/L) | 385.83 ± 140.2 | 457.83 ± 185.68 | 367.83 ± 122.27 | 0.134 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 129.28 ± 63.32 | 154.25 ± 40.42 | 123.04 ± 66.72 | 0.128 |
| D-dimer (µg/mL) | 2.47 ± 1.19 | 3.58 ± 0.87 | 2.19 ± 1.1 | < 0.001* |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 0.97 ± 0.73 | 1.31 ± 0.54 | 0.88 ± 0.75 | 0.068 |
| Respiratory supports in ICU | ||||
| HFNO | 37 (61.7%) | 6 (50%) | 31 (64.6%) | 0.508 |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 32 (53.3%) | 2 (16.7%) | 30 (62.5%) | 0.008* |
| Prone position | 28 (46.7%) | 7 (58.3%) | 21 (43.8%) | 0.520 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 30 (50%) | 11 (91.7%) | 19 (39.6%) | 0.003* |
| Mechanical ventilation parameters in ICU | ||||
| Plateau pressure (cmH2O) | 26 ± 6 | 30 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | < 0.001* |
| PEEP (cmH2O) | 11 ± 2.96 | 13.58 ± 2.15 | 9.37 ± 2.11 | < 0.001* |
| Driving pressure (cmH2O) | 15.06 ± 3.97 | 16.83 ± 3.76 | 13.95 ± 3.76 | 0.046* |
| Tidal volume (mL/PBW) | 8.08 ± 0.89 | 8.66 ± 0.29 | 7.71 ± 0.94 | < 0.001* |
| Ventilator-free days | 7.52 ± 4.2 | 1.42 ± 3.06 | 9.04 ± 2.84 | < 0.001* |
| Complications in ICU | ||||
| Metabolic acidosis-(HCO3– < 18 mmol/L) | 28 (46.7%) | 12 (100%) | 16 (33.3%) | < 0.001* |
| Pulmonary embolism | 5 (8.3%) | 3 (25%) | 2 (4.2%) | 0.050 |
| Septic shock | 21 (35%) | 12 (100%) | 9 (18.8%) | < 0.001* |
| HAP/VAP | 17 (28.3%) | 8 (66.7%) | 9 (18.8%) | 0.002* |
| Renal replacement therapy | 6 (10%) | 3 (25%) | 3 (6.3%) | 0.088 |
| Pulmonary edema | 14 (23.3%) | 6 (50%) | 8 (16.7%) | 0.024* |
| Acute kidney injury | 17 (28.3%) | 12 (100%) | 5 (10.4%) | < 0.001* |
| Maximum norepinephrine (µg/kg/min) | 0.1 ± 0.14 | 0.27 ± 0.2 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | < 0.001* |
ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRP = C-reactive protein; ICU = intensive care unit; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; HAP = hospital acquired pneumonia; HFNO = high-flow nasal oxygen; NA = not applicable; PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure; PBW = predicted body weight; SOFA = Sequential (sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment; VAP = ventilator associated pneumonia. Values are mean ± SD or n (%) unless stated otherwise. ICU nonsurvivors versus ICU survivors.
*
P < 0.01 chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical data and independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test for continuous data.