Table 1.

Essential Frontal Plane Parameters and Physiologic Ranges

Parameter	Physiologic Range
mFTA (°)	177-181
mMPTA (°)	85-90
mLDFA (°)	85-90
JLCA (°)	0-3
MAD (mm)	3-17 (medial)
PTS (°)	0-15

JLCA = joint line convergence angle (positive values indicate medial convergence), MAD = mechanical axis deviation (positive values indicate medial MAD), mFTA = mechanical femorotibial angle (values >180° indicate valgus alignment; values <180° indicate varus alignment), mLDFA = mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, mMPTA = mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, PTS = posterior tibial slope

The reported physiologic ranges are based on Ref. 3.