Table 1. Characteristics of study participants.
| Parameter | Pooled (N = 469) | Asempaneye (N = 111) | Akotoguah (N = 125) | Apewosika (N = 124) | Barikumah (N = 109) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (mean, SEM) | 12.20 (±0.12) | 12.00 (±0.26) | 13.35 (±0.20) | 11.45 (±0.24) | 11.94 (±0.25) |
| Age range in years | 6–19 | 6–19 | 8–19 | 6–17 | 6–17 |
| Age Groups in years [n/N (%)] | |||||
| ≤11 | 174/469 (37.10) | 48/111 (43.24) | 43/125 (34.40) | 28/124 (22.58) | 55/109 (50.45) |
| 12–14 | 143/469 (84.62) | 27/111 (24.32) | 39/125 (31.20) | 37/124 (29.84) | 40/109 (36.69) |
| 15+ | 152/469 (32.41) | 36/111 (32.43) | 27/125 (21.60) | 60/124 (48.39) | 29/109 (26.61) |
| p-val | 0.379 | 0.252 | 0.618 | 0.138 | 0.644 |
| Gender[(n/N)] | |||||
| Male | 263/469 (56.08) | 63/111 (56.76) | 72/125 (57.60) | 67/124 (54.03) | 61/109 (55.96) |
| Female | 206/469 (43.92) | 48/111 (43.24) | 53/125 (42.40) | 57/124 (45.97) | 48/109 (44.04) |
| p-val | 0.95 | 0.155 | 0.089 | 0.37 | 0.213 |
| Infection Prevalences | |||||
| S. haematobium [n/N, (%)] | |||||
| infected | 99/469 (21.11) | 19/111 (17.12) | 26/125 (20.80) | 19/124 (15.32) | 35/109 (32.11) |
| uninfected | 370/469 (78.89) | 92/111 (82.88) | 99/125 (79.20) | 105/124 (84.68) | 74/109 (67.89) |
| S. mansoni [n/N (%)] | |||||
| infected | 5/469 (1.07) | 2/107 (1.87) | 3/125 (2.40) | 0/124 (0.00) | 0/109 (0.00) |
| uninfected | 457/469 (97.44) | 105/107 (98.13) | 122/125 (97.60) | 124/124 (100.00) | 109/109 (100.00) |
| STH [n/N (%)]§ | |||||
| infected | 47/469 (10.02) | 17/111 (15.32) | 3/125 (2.40) | 13/124 (10.48) | 14/109 (12.84) |
| uninfected | 422/469 (89.98) | 94/111 (84.68) | 122/125 (97.60) | 111/124 (89.52) | 95/109 (87.16) |
| Selections for Mass Array studies | 71 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 21 |
| Immunology [Mean (min-max)] | |||||
| logk ShIgE (ug/ml)a | 0.24 (0.01–1.27) | 0.25 (0.01–1.27) | 0.27 (0.4–0.96) | 0.27 (0.04–0.96) | 0.20 (0.02–0.44) |
| log ShIgG (ug/ml)b | 2.54 (1.09–3.57) | 2.55 (1.82–3.10) | 2.54 (1.82–3.75) | 2.48 (1.09–3.75) | 2.54 (2.08–2.92) |
| log tIgG1 (ug/ml)c | 1.15 (0.59–2.09) | 1.01 (0.59–1.42) | 1.26 (0.83–2.09) | 1.12 (0.59–1.65) | 1.21 (0.66–1.74) |
| log tIgG4 (ug/ml)d | 2.35 (0.95–2.85) | 2.36 (2.06–2.71) | 2.51 (1.54–2.77) | 2.36 (1.10–2.85) | 2.19 (0.95–2.73) |
| log tIgE (ug/ml)e | 0.39 (0.04–1.11) | 0.38 (0.08–0.88) | 0.75 (0.26–0.88) | 0.34 (0.04–1.11) | 0.37 (0.11–0.85) |
| log tIgA (ug/ml)f | 3.59 (2.07–5.30) | 3.47 (2.07–5.30) | 3.65 (3.02–4.49) | 3.49 (2.51–4.69) | 3.77 (2.72–5.04) |
| log IL-4 (pg/ml))g | 0.39 (0.11–0.95) | 0.30 (0.11–0.51) | 0.32 (0.20–0.67) | 0.46 (0.11–0.95) | 0.44 (0.11–0.86) |
| log IL-5 (pg/ml)h | 0.76 (0.30–4.05) | 0.74 (0.30–1.78) | 0.39 (0.30–1.44) | 0.67 (0.30–1.60) | 0.79 (0.30–4.05) |
| log Il-10 (pg/ml)i | 1.60 (0.91–2.05) | 1.61 (1.25–1.91) | 1.59 (0.95–1.95) | 1.60 (0.91–2.04) | 1.58 (0.93–2.05) |
§Soil-transmitted Helminths represent Ascaris lumbricoides, and Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus).
a ShIgE–Schistosoma haematobium-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E
b ShIgG–Schistosoma haematobium-specific IgG
c tIgG1 –total IgG1
d tIgG4 –total IgG4
e tIgE–total IgE
f tIgA–total IgA
g IL-4 –Interleukin-4
h IL-5 –Interleukin-5
iIL-10 –Interleukin-10
j IL-13 –Interleukin-13
k log–Antibody and interleukin data were converted to log10 values prior to analysis.
P-values between groups were determined using the Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests. P-values less than 0.05 are in boldface.