Figure 1.

Determination of the optimal metformin concentration in the study. Metformin was used to investigate its effect on growth and apoptosis in PBMECs. PBMECs were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of metformin (1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 mM) and incubated for 12 h; apoptotic cells were measured using flow cytometry, a statistical graph of the apoptotic death rates is shown in (A). Western blot analysis was used to determine the optimum concentration of metformin among (1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 mM) metformin doses (B). Values represent means ± SEM, different uppercase letters (A–E) on the top of bars indicate significant differences (n = 3, p < 0.05). ^**indicates p < 0.01 vs the Control group.