Figure 3.

COVID-19 patients responding to remdesivir (RDV) treatment show an increase in T_h2 to T_h1 cytokine ratio. Immune mediator levels in inactivated patient plasma was measured with 45-plex Luminex assay. (A) IL-4 to IFN-γ ratio of non-intubated responders and intubated non-responders before and one week after treatment with RDV. Statistical analysis was performed with Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranked test (ns, not significant; *P < 0.05). (B) T_h2-associated immune mediators IL-21 and (C) IL-6 levels in plasma before and after RDV treatment in responders (n = 21, median 9 and 16 days post-illness onset (PIO), respectively) and non-responders (n = 6, median 7 and 13 days PIO, respectively), and matched timepoint 1 and 2 in non-RDV-treated non-intubated (n = 17, median 10 and 16 days PIO, respectively) and intubated (n = 10, median 6 and 12 days post intubation, respectively) controls. Statistical analyses were performed with Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test when comparing between timepoints, and Mann Whitney U test when comparing across groups (ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01). Immune mediator levels for healthy controls (n=23) are indicated by the black dotted line. Patient samples with concentration out of measurement range are presented as the value of Limit of Quantification (LOQ). ns, not significant.